What is the antigen? What are antibodies?
A: Our bodies, in order to protect their own safety and health of their own bodies do not belong to the material or component - "external foreign body" and enter their own body, there will be excluded from these external foreign body movements. Ashamed of this action is called "immune response." These external foreign body called the "antigen" (antigen), and produced in the body in the fight against the antigen substances called "antibodies" (antibody). These antibodies, some are really able to stand against antigens of the body from these foreign object damage, such antibodies known as "neutralizing antibody" (Neutralizing antibody), because the body has the protection of ashamed to use, also known as "the protection of antibody . " But some on the do not have the capability. Antibodies exist, will only be a reflection, there are external objects continue to exist within our bodies, but can not stop the invasion of antigen, therefore, relatively called "non-protective antibodies." Hepatitis C virus-related antigens and antibodies, commonly known as hepatitis C virus markers.
How to be aware that they have no hepatitis virus antigens and antibodies?
A: The blood test can also be at the same time to do liver function tests and other biochemistry check.
Test set up by the private sector are not able to do all kinds of hepatitis marker test?
A: Yes, but bearing in mind that the accuracy of their test results.
Why unit testing in different hepatitis marker test done have different results?
Answer: because of the different units used to test drugs and test methods may be different, so some of the test results are different. If two tests have been separated for some time, they have may be due to infection in vivo there is a change arising.
Patients who have anemia, blood will not increase the anemia?
Answer: no. Blood because the blood test only 5c.c., and even if there is no blood, the physical body every day, all the blood 1/120 natural destruction of the blood volume out of them by the new blood by alternative, that is the life blood in the body is only 120 days, so blood tests are not going to anemia, everyone should be afraid of hematopoietic dysfunction are diseases such as: aplastic anemia.
Blood tests should be fasting?
A: If we only check the antigen and antibody is not required; but if the checks are triglycerides and cholesterol when the diet will have a great influence, so check before fasting for eight hours; As for ALT (GPT), AST (GOT) Although little impact, such as checks, but still fasting to do better to check in order to avoid interpretation of test results happened struggled.
Hepatitis markers check samples may be placed up to a few days? Over the period to check if the results are not there will be deviations?
A: blood after the blood samples to be immediately make centrifugal treatment, if the deal will not happen hemolysis. Centrifugal treated serum can be preserved for a longer period, subject to the preservation of frozen and thawed several times to avoid in order to avoid biased test results.
Can know how long after the blood test results?
Answer: The general many as three days to a week, but the test units and have different operating procedures.
Hepatitis A how to test?
Answer: A Hepatitis-related test, there are two: IgM-A hepatitis B antibody (IgM-anti-HAV) and hepatitis A IgG-A antibodies (IgG-anti-HAV). Blood tests can be.
IgM-anti-HAV and IgG-anti-HAV what the meaning of each?
A: Serum anti-HAV positive when expressed in vivo are already on the hepatitis A virus antibodies, usually only when the anti-HAV that are the IgG-anti-HAV, and IgG-anti-HAV positive when that person has been infected with the hepatitis A, and has been healed, and will not be infected with hepatitis A. If this time, IgM-anti-HAV were positive, they express the person in the last 6-10 months have been infected with hepatitis A - the most recent infection, not years or decades ago infection. Even if the patient is hepatitis have symptoms such as jaundice or serum GOT, GPT to rise, the more that this patient is suffering from hepatitis A hepatitis. Infected with hepatitis A after the first emergence of IgM-antiHAV, after the emergence of IgG-anti-HAV. IgG-anti-HAV will exist in the life of people infected in vivo, and has a protective effect, will not have to worry about from hepatitis A virus infection. After recovery there is no need to do regular blood tests.
Hepatitis A vaccine immunization and IgG-anti-HAV has what relevance?
A: The vaccination of hepatitis A vaccine will be produced in vivo after the IgG-anti-HAV, has a protective effect. However, whether life exists is unclear, the best regularly check their blood titer. If the titer is too low or disappeared, to be an additional vaccination.
Acute hepatitis A healed, regular checks are not required it?
A: No.. Hepatitis A occur after full recovery of hepatitis A antibodies, if the test has hepatitis A antibodies, the life of the hepatitis A immunization, so there is no need to do regular checks.
Hepatitis B-related hepatitis markers have what? What is the surface antigen (HBsAg), surface antibody (anti-HBs), core antigen (HBcAg), core antibody (anti-HBc), e-antigen (HBeAg), e-antibody (anti-HBe)? To decide how to test which are required?
Answer: B hepatitis have hepatitis markers: surface antigen, surface antibody, e-antigen, e-antibody, core antibody. Tests which are required, depending on the purpose of inspection and condition have different needs, depending on the disease by physicians to make a decision.
(1) surface antigen (HBsAg):
Hepatitis B virus has a jacket structure, including the outside of the virus core, which contains the surface antigen, can be found in the serum of patients.
(2) surface antibody (anti-HBs):
The body's immune system to the surface antigen produced antibodies, can be in and of surface antigen of hepatitis B virus resistant.
(3) core antigen (HBcAg):
Exist in the hepatitis B virus core particles. It can exist in the liver cells, but not detected in serum it, because it is wrapped in virus particles inside.
(4) core antibody (anti-HBc):
The body's immune system caused by exposure to hepatitis B virus core antigen produced antibodies. Can be found in human serum, as infected with hepatitis B virus evidence.
(5) e-antigen (HBeAg):
As a soluble protein can be released from liver cells into the bloodstream, it can be measured in the blood. It is the core antigen in liver cells after treatment with a special product. If it is found in serum e-antigen, is expressed in patients with liver hepatitis B virus in actively breeding, the highly contagious.
(6) e-antibody (anti-HBe):
The body's immune system after exposure to e-antigen antibodies generated, if the blood of patients with e-antigen negative and e-antibody positive, they usually express their lower infectious.
Before we can know how to have been infected with hepatitis B?
A: Generally speaking, the infection does not necessarily have symptoms, blood tests need to rely on surface antigen (HBsAg), in order to know whether there is infection. If it is found to have fatigue, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, jaundice and other symptoms should be immediately tested for blood GPT (ALT), GOT (AST) and HBsAg, in order to determine are not infected with hepatitis B. However, hepatitis A infection or other hepatitis will be like when the symptoms mentioned above.
Testing of hepatitis B surface antigen which method?
A: The most commonly used are three:
(1) RIA: radioimmunoassay.
(2) EIA: enzyme immunoassay.
(3) RPHA: reverse passive agglutination of blood.
RIA and EIA in which the cost of more expensive, but a better sensitivity. RPHA now rarely used method.
Titer test results are what?
A: Yes titer antigen express by check or antibodies in the blood level of concentration.
The results of the first inspection, surface antigen positive, e-antigen positive, three months and then check only the surface antigen positive, so what is the point?
A: if possible, improved. However, if the persistence of surface antigen for more than six months and e-antibody were positive, then become a chronic low infectious hepatitis B carriers.
Hepatitis B after recovery, we should not regularly inspected?
A: If disappearance of serum HBsAg, and the surface has produced antibodies, they do not need to regularly review.
Only to check the adequacy of surface antigens? Why is generally not the way to check the surface of antibody?
A: may be due to the cost of the relationship, so in general to check the surface antigen, if the surface of antibody-negative when doing inspections.
Surface antibodies and surface antigen at the same time whether it will exist?
A: There are possible. Check the general population, about 5 ~ 10% will have such an outcome. Reasons not clear, but the hepatitis B virus at least four subtypes could be different subtypes of surface antigens and surface antibodies at the same time the existence of the relationship. Also in patients with acute hepatitis B response period has there been such cases may be temporarily.
Hepatitis B carriers do not have the surface antigen may disappear? Is there any possible surface antibodies?
A: There are possible, but its a very small chance.
Core antigen, antibody-positive What is the significance?
A: The core antigen of hepatitis B virus are produced by a protein present in the core of the virus, so called core antigen. It is there that the virus in liver cells reproduce strong. Early infection of hepatitis B virus, was infected with the blood appeared first IgM core antibody (IgM-anti-HBc), followed by emergence of the core IgG antibodies (IgG-anti-HBc), whether it was cured or turned into chronic hepatitis, IgG core antibody will persist in the blood of infected persons, on behalf of who have been infected. Core antigen in the blood can not be tested, the core antibody can be tested.
Why is hepatitis B test does not check the core antigen?
A: The core antigen mainly in the liver cell nucleus or cytoplasm, while in blood, outside the core antigen has always coated surface antigen, that is the core antigen alone will not exist in the blood, it is not easy to check. In fact, serological test reaction surface antigen, surface antibody, e-antigen, e-antibody and core antibody as a check of the diagnosis of hepatitis B markers have been enough, so can not check the core antigen for the diagnosis of it is not affected.
Why sub-surface antigen and e-antigen, What is the relationship between the two?
Answer: B hepatitis surface antigen coat contains at its core contains e-antigen. Acute hepatitis B recover, their blood surface antigen and e-antigen will disappear. However, in carriers of their liver and blood cells with both hepatitis B surface antigen, when hepatitis B virus replication peak, liver cells arising from e-antigen as the virus will enter the blood stream, Thus the blood have e-antigen is highly infectious patients.
Surface antigen positive and e-antigen negative and surface antigen-positive but e-antigen positive has even between different?
Answer: The former Infectious lower, while the latter infectious higher, that is to say the latter is more easily transmitted hepatitis B to others.
Hepatitis B surface antigen and antibodies that are negative about?
A: If it is coupled with the core antibody is negative, it indicated that subjects who had not been infected with hepatitis B, subjects should be vaccinated.
Most people are not have to make regular inspections of hepatitis B?
A: Everyone in Taiwan need to do blood of hepatitis B examination. Not infected with hepatitis B should be vaccinated people the best, otherwise, should be ready to observe good personal hygiene, fewer injections, less blood transfusion, as much as possible to avoid being infected, of course, to regularly check surface antigen.
Why is hepatitis B markers were false positive inspection will be?
A: and inspection methods, procedures and personnel to do testing technology.
Cold will not affect hepatitis B tests the correctness?
A: The cold does not affect hepatitis B test results.
Hepatitis B patients with the families of the need for regular check-ups?
Answer: B-type hepatitis patient's family members should make regular inspections to determine whether hepatitis B infection.
Hospital staff have no need to do a good job in the first hepatitis B test? This would assist in the wound when the body has been a patient of blood contamination can be prevented for the time?
A: The hospital has the staff necessary to do a good job of hepatitis B testing, has not yet infected should be vaccinated must also pay special attention to safety and hygiene equipment to prevent infection. Vaccinated in advance to make the body produce antibodies, can be free from contamination by the patient's blood has been the site of injury B hepatitis.
Pregnant women after the first few months of pregnancy blood tests of hepatitis B the most appropriate?
Answer: any time after pregnancy blood test can be, but in order to tie in with the hepatitis B vaccination operation, it is best to do a good job in the past eight months pregnant hepatitis B blood tests.
Early pregnancy test and no hepatitis B when the latter are not pregnant should be tested again?
A: If the early pregnancy test results negative for surface antigen, surface antibody-positive when the test do not need to do. However, if the surface antigen and antibodies are negative indicates that there is no infection, so the best time to do an advanced stage of pregnancy test.
Early pregnancy tests have hepatitis B, but again the latter part of pregnancy tests, surface antigen were negative, this is why?
A: The possible carriers of the body surface antigen concentration has been reduced to non-detectable concentrations, but also for acute hepatitis may be the original and re-examine have been cured, then the surface will disappear and then the surface antigen antibodies.
If a child has been born, the mother had a chance to make hepatitis B test, how should I do?
Answer: can they take their children to clinics or co-hospitals, clinics vaccination to do to avoid being infected.
Mothers are hepatitis B carriers, the baby immediately after birth, the need for blood tests?
A: unnecessary. Even when a woman in the production of hepatitis B virus infection to the infant, born immediately after the blood tests to help diagnose newborns do not come out. In other words, babies do not need blood tests after birth can impose immunoglobulin and vaccination.
Pregnant three or four months had blood tests, how long after the need led to the seizure?
A: When do not have time to test the restrictions, but for the future operation of neonatal vaccination, preferably in the seventh pregnancy, eight months to do test again.
Done early pregnancy tests, trimester doctor also requested a review, what is the point of it?
Answer: It may be in order to determine when an advanced stage of pregnancy, B-type hepatitis infection in early pregnancy is different. This is also in order to make appropriate arrangements for hepatitis B vaccination to do operations.
HUAI check first child has hepatitis B, but a second child when the test results for normal and tests have been cured or have mistakes?
Answer: may.
Hepatitis C-related hepatitis markers have what? tests?
A: The testing of hepatitis C markers of hepatitis B is not so much, and only one, called the hepatitis C virus antibody (anti-HCV). The antibodies are not protective antibodies, and not only that but also express the human hepatitis C virus exist; therefore normal blood test hepatitis C antibody should be negative.
To donate blood when he was informed of hepatitis C antibody positive should be how to do?
A: It does not matter. Hospital and then find a reliable test once, occasional false-positive case happened. If it is determined that hepatitis C antibody positive, they have regular checks of serum GPT (ALT) values, and look for gastrointestinal or hepatobiliary Physicians regular follow-up, it is necessary to do abdominal ultrasound.
Blood tests may have hepatitis B surface antigen and hepatitis C antibody positive at the same time it?
Answer: probably. This means that the body at the same time you have hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus.
Hepatitis B carriers should be how long the review ㄧ times?
A: In principle, B hepatitis carrier, if the liver function normal, six-month review time can ㄧ. If abnormal liver function (for chronic hepatitis B), depending on the condition 1 ~ three months review time. In addition to liver function tests should also check outside A fetal protein in order to rule out the possibility of liver cancer, it is necessary, it must be to do abdominal ultrasound. Physician diagnosis and treatment of the actual situation should be to make a decision. (Please refer to the next question)
Acute and chronic hepatitis have to make time tracking checks how long?
Answer: (1) acute hepatitis have symptoms, physicians should follow the instructions, such as in stable condition after every 3-4 weeks review time by tracking the subsequent diagnosis and treatment of physicians as a decision condition.
(2) chronic hepatitis can be divided into two:
A. chronic active hepatitis, about once every one to two months treatment.
B. chronic persistent hepatitis, approximately every three to four months of treatment time, but the exact timing should be handled in accordance with physician instructions.
Liver puncture to check for the diagnosis of hepatitis B have no help?
Answer: B diagnosis hepatitis to liver function tests and hepatitis markers can check has generally understanding, but due to hepatitis B virus may lead to liver damage and the very significant differences in duration, and sometimes liver function tests alone can not totally reflected on the need to do is therefore to check liver puncture as a more accurate diagnosis.
Liver puncture to check for the diagnosis of hepatitis B have no help?
Answer: B diagnosis hepatitis to liver function tests and hepatitis markers can check has generally understanding, but due to hepatitis B virus may lead to liver damage and the very significant differences in duration, and sometimes liver function tests alone can not totally reflected on the need to do is therefore to check liver puncture as a more accurate diagnosis.
Hepatitis C antibody (anti-HCV) should be regular follow-up it?
A: If the normal liver function can be regular follow-up of hepatitis C antibodies, to see if it disappears. May indicate that if the disappearance of hepatitis C virus has ceased to exist in vivo has been. If liver function is still normal, you do not need regular follow-up of hepatitis C antibodies.
Mother, hepatitis C antibody positive and their newborns have blood tests of hepatitis C antibodies it?
A: after birth can be tested once, for about six months to one-year-old re-test the first time, if hepatitis C antibody negative, then after no longer tracked. In fact, mother-to-child infection of hepatitis C is extremely rare.
It was the home of hepatitis C antibody positive, other family members also need to check it?
A: All members of the family all the best test you, even though transmission of the family are very rare?
Are not everyone should be blood testing of hepatitis C antibodies?
Answer: because most adults, only 1 ~ 2% have hepatitis C, so do not need everyone hepatitis C antibody test. But if there are abnormal liver function tests should be hepatitis C antibody and hepatitis B surface antigen. Frequent contact with patients or their blood, the blood should also be regularly tested hepatitis C antibody.
Hepatitis D should be how to test?
Answer: At present, for the D test of hepatitis D hepatitis is only related antibodies (anti-HDV). This is the meaning of an antibody and anti-HCV is similar, so if the blood of anti-HDV-positive patients have indicated that hepatitis D virus that express the human infection with hepatitis D.
Are not everyone have to check the hepatitis D antibodies?
Answer: No, because hepatitis D virus is a defective virus, meaning that is to say, there must be a hepatitis B virus can be transmitted to help, only hepatitis B carriers will be required to regularly test hepatitis D antibody. In particular, are hepatitis B carriers in the original GPT (ALT) normal or stable value suddenly rise, should be tested are not infected with the hepatitis D.
Hepatitis E are test?
A: Although there are tests of hepatitis E reagent, but its correctness was not yet sure, still testing and development. Test method is also tested in the blood of hepatitis E virus.
Hepatitis E antibody (anti-HEV) has a protective effect on it?
Answer: E-type hepatitis antibody, according to research results is a protective effect, so as long as the blood of hepatitis E antibodies have not been hepatitis E virus infection.
-------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------
GOT (AST), GPT (ALT) - Liver function test
-------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------
Before we can know how to not have hepatitis?
A: The blood test blood GPT (ALT) values before we know has not received hepatitis. GOT (AST) values although it reflects the situation of hepatitis, but sometimes even in the absence of hepatitis GOT value will rise, such as: myocardial infarction, such as muscle lesions. In fact, the general saying of liver function are the main means of GPT, GOT value of the test results. GPT, GOT value may not be consistent with symptoms related to high and low.
In general, the liver index-GOT, GPT-express by what?
A: The use of this type of inspection, we can know that the liver cells has not damaged. In other words, to determine the liver cell has the absence of disease. We often hear of GOT, GPT (Glutamyl Oxaloacetic Transaminase, Glutamyl Pyrubic Transaminase) enzyme test that checks fall into this category. They sometimes also known as AST, ALT (Aspartate aminotransferase, Alanine amino-transferase), only a different name, in fact, referring to the same enzyme, so the meaning is the same. Generally speaking, these two enzymes, although not in liver cell enzyme Bennett and some other cells also have, but because their content in liver cells than other cells in the organ content of many, many, while the liver cell damage, we will these enzymes within the liver cells substantial release into the blood stream, by serum GOT, GPT enzyme concentration increased, so that they are representative of liver injury enzymes. Therefore, when the serum GOT, GPT concentrations increase when cells express the liver injury, liver is sick.
In addition, I would like to remind everyone that, not just look at the limited results of the surface of the figures, on casual examination to explain the results of the liver. Real liver disease experts, is a comprehensive examination of all the results of the liver, and understanding of each of the test containing the real meaning and connected with each other before we make a comprehensive assessment, not only GOT, GPT (the so-called ordinary people liver index, the error expression) make judgments on the level. Therefore I would like to suggest that Members and not for the GOT, GPT values on the surface change, and when the hi am worried, is not worth it.
Abnormal liver function are not necessarily the hepatitis B?
A: abnormal liver function caused by many reasons, B-type hepatitis but are just one of the causes. Other types of viral hepatitis and other causes of hepatitis can affect liver function, there is abnormal liver function should be further examination of various hepatitis virus markers to help identify.
Infected with hepatitis B virus, liver function abnormalities are not necessarily? Will not automatically recover?
Answer: not necessarily. Such as healthy carriers of the liver function tests are normal. Adult infection arising from the Metropolitan cured surface antibody, after which no further hepatitis B infection. Children and people with low immune function easily become infected carriers or chronic hepatitis.
No comments:
Post a Comment