First, what is the hepatitis B carriers
Human hepatitis B virus infection, if the virus remaining in the liver and blood serum by the inspection, may be seized
Bleeding in the "B hepatitis B surface antigen", and last more than six months, known as carriers. Carriers have a mass
Dyeing, will spread through blood or body fluids to others. In Taiwan, over 40 years of age has almost 90% of people infected
Had hepatitis B virus, and about 15-20% of human carriers.
Second, B-type hepatitis is transmitted
(1) vertical transmission:
Carriers of the mother through the placenta or transmitted to the newborn during delivery.
(2) the level of transmission:
Through the skin and mucous membrane wounds are exposed to the hepatitis B virus with the blood and body secretions, or
Input with hepatitis B virus in blood and blood components, or by hepatitis B virus with needles
, Disposable, surgery, acupuncture, eyebrow tattoos, such as infected equipment.
Third, infection of hepatitis B have any symptoms
The majority of no symptoms, is subject to a blood test to determine; some have stomach discomfort, loss of appetite, fatigue,
Nausea, vomiting and other symptoms occur in patients with severe brown urine, jaundice. The carriers do not necessarily have hepatitis symptoms,
The severity of their disease-infected persons is subject to age, sex, immunity may be.
Fourth, how to effectively prevent infection of hepatitis B
(1) neonatal hepatitis vaccination on time to receive
(2) to reduce mother-to-child vertical transmission
If the mothers e antigen-positive hepatitis B carrier, neonatal vaccination in addition to time, the need to
Birth within 24 hours of immunoglobulin.
(3) to reduce the level of infection
To avoid unnecessary blood transfusions.
Of surface antigen-positive carriers should not donate blood to others.
Avoid unnecessary injections, acupuncture, tattoos and so on.
Develop good personal hygiene habits, not sharing razors, tooth brushes, so as not to scratch the skin or
Mucosa have been infected.
Acupuncture needles, surgical appliances, medical equipment, etc. should be disinfected completely.
The use of sterile plastic syringes, should not "only for the needle, not-for-needle."
Friday, B-type hepatitis carriers should pay attention to matters:
(1) carriers have a normal law of life, diet, does not drink, do not stay up all night.
(2) the initial surface antigen was found positive, should determine whether medical treatment for health carriers or patients with liver disease
. If the health carrier, six months after the first time will have to review to determine whether the disappearance of surface antigen
Or for chronic carriers. If other liver disease, should be further examination and early diagnosis and treatment. There are no special effects
Drug treatment of hepatitis B and not on its own drugs increase liver disorder burden.
(3) B-type hepatitis and cirrhosis, liver cancer and other diseases are highly related, B hepatitis carrier aircraft cancer
Rate than the average person many times. According to the Taiwan area top ten causes of death statistics, since in 71
Since that is ranked first in cancer, including liver cancer mortality for men home first, but also the Home of female cancer
Mortality in the second place, while almost no symptoms of early stage liver cancer, liver cancer, if found late, it is difficult to treatment, but
If early detection, treatment effect. The current method of prevention and treatment only from the "early diagnosis and treatment"
Proceed. Recommendations of hepatitis B carriers at least every six months follow-up examinations of blood, "alpha-fetal protein" content of one
Times every six months to one year for a liver ultrasound examination to ensure that physical health.
Prevention
Is there any way to prevent viral hepatitis?
A: Viral hepatitis prevention, due to the different means of transmission and have no vaccine vary.
Infection of infectious diseases, clinical can be classified as "oral" and "non-oral sex", that is, microbial infection, as we eat food, after into the body, that is, oral sex; or mouth outside it, such as micro-organisms through the skin, mucous membrane, such as: blood transfusion, injections, surgery, tattoos, eyebrow tattoos, sexual contact, such as entering the body, that is, non-oral sex.
How to can prevent hepatitis A and E?
A: In front have already mentioned, A and hepatitis E infection is oral infection, is the real start with the mouth. Therefore, A and E hepatitis prevention methods, measures, with the prevention of oral infection of other diseases, such as food poisoning, exactly the same. Therefore, in order to prevent hepatitis A and E infections, the most important thing is that everyone is familiar with the improvement of sanitation, and pay attention to personal hygiene. Thus, an individual, diet materials, food and a clean hands are the most important. Not raw food, not to drink unboiled water, especially to remote areas or poor sanitation more carefully. Now have on the hepatitis A vaccine, so you can check the blood did not have hepatitis A antibody (anti-HAV), and if not, can accept hepatitis A vaccination.
A vaccine against hepatitis are not can be a lifetime will not be infected with hepatitis A?
Answer: no clear answer. Ever since the hepatitis A vaccine has only gone through five or six years, but also continue to be observed, but at least seven or eight years there is no question the future may need to make additional vaccine.
How to can to prevent hepatitis B?
Answer:
(1) to reduce mother-to-child infection
1) to increase the baby's preventive measures. All newborns should receive hepatitis B vaccination.
2) to prevent transmission within the family, carriers should avoid kissing the baby, but can not chew food to feed the baby.
(2) reduce the level of infection
1) Stick gum, acupuncture needles, surgery, such as appliances, medical equipment, high-pressure steam sterilization should be used. The use of sterile disposable plastic, disposable.
2) to avoid unnecessary injections, acupuncture, eyebrow tattoos, tattoos.
3) Avoid unnecessary blood transfusion.
4) do not have someone else's toothbrush, razor, so as to avoid scratch the skin or mucous membrane has been infected.
5) to prohibit the carrier to donate blood to others.
6) health care personnel should wear examination gloves, work wear clothing, and beware of needles stabbed himself, the skin has scratch tape should be affixed to the protection of the wound. The most important thing is to make sure that they have no surface antibody, if necessary, should be vaccinated first hepatitis B vaccine.
Hepatitis B should begin prevention?
Answer: It should be about to begin in infancy and Prevention, adults should always pay attention to prevention.
Hepatitis B patient's family to how to do prevention?
A: First of all, to the hospital for blood tests of hepatitis B virus markers, as long as the surface has surface antigen or antibodies exist, all without fear of being infected. If it is not infected with hepatitis B, the best injection of hepatitis B vaccine, to avoid being infected.
General surgery, dentistry, obstetrics and equipment used to how to disinfect is the security?
A: The only fresh water was used to clean are unable to kill the virus should be used following the method of disinfection.
(1) thermal disinfection
1) to 100 degrees Celsius for more than 15 minutes to boil.
2) using high-pressure steam pot at a temperature of 120 degrees, in 15 pounds per square inch steam sterilization under pressure for 15 minutes.
3) do the 120 degrees Celsius hot sterilized for two hours.
(2) drug disinfection
1) Sodium Hypochlorite (Sodium hypochloride) 0.5 to 1.0% solution, sterilized for 30 minutes, but this agent has corrosive to metal.
2) 40% formalin (Formalin) solution, disinfected within 12 hours or 20% formalin dissolved in 70% alcohol solution, sterilized 18 hours.
3) 2% formaldehyde basification E N (alkalinized glutaraldehyde) solution, sterilized for 10 hours.
4) ethylene oxide (Ethylene oxide) gas sterilization.
Played after the vaccine, is not it would not have had hepatitis B? How long will it take to do a blood test?
A: According to the results of the current study, vaccination of the surface of the body automatically generated antibodies, and its concentration in the six years is sufficient to prevent hepatitis B infection. But six years after the surface of the concentration of antibodies in general will gradually reduce, where necessary, an additional vaccine, one month after the injection should be the concentration of antibodies in blood test surface.
Injection of hepatitis B immunoglobulin to what use? Can avoid being infected with it for life?
A: The injection of hepatitis B immune globulin may temporarily against the hepatitis B virus infection, but each time only to maintain the effectiveness of injection of 1 ~ 2 months, and no life-long infection-free results.
Mother for the e-antigen carrier, in pregnancy or the production process, Is there any way to avoid transmission of hepatitis B to newborns?
A: Nothing can be in the pregnancy or the production process, an absolute to avoid transmission of hepatitis B to newborns. In fact, during pregnancy, from mother to fetus is very low probability. Production are the best way to birth within 24 hours playing on the facilities of hepatitis B immunoglobulin, later played in accordance with the provisions of facilities of hepatitis B vaccine. So at least make 90% of newborns to avoid being infected.
With the original maternal discharge from hospital, what questions should be noted?
A: The proper handling of blood and genital secretions, and maintain clean hands in order to avoid transmission of hepatitis B virus to the baby and others. Infants and other children have not yet infected should be brought to accept when the hepatitis B vaccine vaccination.
Maternal chronic hepatitis B patients or carriers, their babies how to be able to prevent infection?
A: The chronic carrier mothers, their infants should be 3-5 days after birth, over one month and six months (second dose and third dose intervals for five months) giving a total of three genetically engineered vaccine; If the maternal serum are e-antigen positive, it also required 24 hours of the baby, the immediate injection of hepatitis B immune globulin, so that there are at least 90 percent of newborns will be able to prevent infection. In addition, child feeding, the absolute to avoid chewing food and then fed to young children, or avoid other potentially have the level of the risk of infection.
If the mother has hepatitis B, and its neonatal hepatitis B did not play what vaccines the problem?
A: If the child was born, his mother are e-antigen positive, the child is very likely (90%) became carriers; if mothers are e-antigen negative, then the probability of a child infected with a lower (percentile of ten).
Hepatitis B virus is not a high-pressure steam sterilization can be used entirely to kill time on?
A: The high-pressure steam sterilization method can be used to kill the hepatitis B virus.
Hepatitis B surface antigen positive, e-antigen-negative mothers of infants, if the baby in the hospital interior, and its bottle, boiling pans should not be used separately with other babies?
A: Although the boiling pans can kill viruses, and infant saliva of hepatitis B virus does not exist, but if not handled properly will spread their disease, from the hygiene point of view, every baby should be treated differently in the bottle The best. Bottle if you use high-pressure steam sterilization, and you do not need to be treated separately.
If contaminated hepatitis B virus barbed needles that immediate injection of gamma globulin have effect?
Answer: gamma globulin refers to the general of immunoglobulin, the effects are far less hepatitis B immunoglobulin.
Are not adults can also be injection of hepatitis B vaccine?
Answer: as long as they are not infected with hepatitis B adult, can be injection of hepatitis B vaccine, but at their own expense.
Hepatitis B infection in mothers or pregnant women are not able to fight hepatitis B vaccine?
Answer: B hepatitis vaccine is used for the treatment rather than prevention, there have have been infected with hepatitis B vaccination of people do not have to.
Babies are not necessarily fight hepatitis B vaccine?
Answer: Yes. In particular, maternal themselves or their families are there carriers, be sure to schedule one born on the injection of hepatitis B vaccine to prevent infant infection.
Infants in which case, we must fight hepatitis B immune globulin?
A: If pregnant women are surface antigen and e-antigen positive, or the surface antigen positive and testing methods used RPHA titer higher than 2560 must be born on one injection of hepatitis B immunoglobulin, and then the third birth to five days , over one month, six months were injected with a genetically engineered hepatitis B vaccine.
If you do not timely vaccination or immune globulin, the effect will be reduced are not?
Answer: Yes. Hepatitis B immunoglobulin to the baby as soon as possible after the injection, will have a better effect, by not more than 24 hours, otherwise it is impossible to achieve the prevention of infection by hepatitis B virus in the desired effect. Another three genetically engineered vaccine injection should be updated, if not on time injection, the effect of the poor.
Pregnant women, hepatitis B surface antigen negative when in prenatal, newborn are not the fight of hepatitis B vaccine?
Answer: Yes, playing the hepatitis B vaccine can make babies for hepatitis B virus resistance to avoid future infection.
Pregnant women after the inspection in the production of its carrier, the baby will still be able to fight are not the vaccine?
A: If pregnant women after childbirth and found for the e-antigen positive carriers of, the birth is over 24 hours non-free inoculation of neonatal hepatitis B immunoglobulin alone vaccination schedule for its three B genetically engineered hepatitis B vaccine.
Fetal infection of hepatitis B virus carriers often, now that has been infected, why infant vaccination would be effective?
A: If it is in the fetal period has been infected, vaccination is also null and void; but the fetal period the rate of infection is very low, about five per cent. A majority of the babies are in production or production with the original by the mother, therefore, required as soon as possible after birth to prevent infection by vaccination. Another vaccine effectiveness in accordance with evaluation results, the surface antigen positive, e-antigen positive mothers also produced by neonatal injection 2, 96% of vaccine will produce antibodies after injection of 3 has a higher percentage of antibodies . And e-antigen positive carrier mothers of newborns, at birth a first injection of hepatitis B immunoglobulin, and then injected three doses of vaccine on time, the immune effect of up to 90% or more.
No blood tests had hepatitis B virus markers, Can hepatitis B vaccine injection?
A: The best first blood tests of hepatitis B surface antigen and antibodies, both negative re-vaccinated in order to avoid a waste of money and time.
Because their parents are carriers, and the request at their own expense to the vaccination of their children, there is no need to have?
Answer: there is a need, but let their children the best blood tests, to ascertain the infection has not only required vaccination.
Hepatitis B vaccination should be?
Answer: It is now used by hepatitis B vaccines are manufactured by genetic engineering methods, the general play three, the first dose and second dose one month interval, a second dose and third dose intervals for five months.
Hepatitis B vaccine injection what side effects?
A: injection site swelling, fever, local induration, etc. occasionally have signs of inflammation, usually mild and subside within two days after injection, and sometimes have a slight fever, but also more than two days after injection, subsided. In general, few side effects.
Injection of hepatitis B immune globulin has what side effects?
Answer: usually happen only local pain at the injection site, urticaria have occasionally, perivascular edema and other allergic phenomena.
Remember after the first injection of vaccine if there is jaundice, can not continue to injection?
A: After the first dose of vaccination have jaundice If it is found that the symptoms should see a pediatrician examination to find out the cause. Jaundice in the neonatal period happened for many reasons, the most common are the so-called neonatal jaundice (physiologic jaundice), which jaundice had nothing to do with vaccination. Jaundice caused by other reasons, such as mother and child blood group incompatibility, glucose -6 - phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, also has nothing to do with the injection. In general, vaccination with mostly unrelated to the occurrence of jaundice, and common neonatal period after appropriate treatment of jaundice will disappear naturally, so should be able to continue on schedule with the second dose third dose.
After vaccination local reactions happen, it should be how to deal with?
A: partial to cleaning and disinfection can be.
If the fever after vaccination, can give anti-fever medicine?
A: If fever vaccination are caused because when the heat is not too high, there is no need for anti-fever drugs, will naturally be good after two days.
First baby born on a good number of vaccines, it will not have adverse effects?
Answer: no.
Older children fight hepatitis B vaccine should be vaccinated to what place?
A: Elementary grade 1 children (including one year) can receive free vaccination, more than second-grade children can come to have for hepatitis B vaccination of the public and private hospitals, clinics for vaccination at their own expense.
Hepatitis B vaccination vaccine injection on time if we do not have any affected?
A: The injection time for decision was the result of multiple clinical trials to choose the best person to set out, and therefore not vaccinated on time will affect the effectiveness of vaccines.
Can hepatitis B vaccine with other vaccines (eg BCG) vaccination at the same time?
Answer: B hepatitis vaccine does not affect the other vaccines, can be vaccinated at the same time, but required separate injection site. However, with the Japanese encephalitis vaccination time, the best one-month interval.
Why is neonatal hepatitis B immunoglobulin (purified high concentrations of fine surface antibody), to be injected 24 hours after birth?
A: maternal for the e-antigen positive carriers, the virus contained in the body more, and therefore production, have more transmission of the virus to newborns may be, so as soon as possible given hepatitis B immunoglobulin protein injection to combat hepatitis B virus, it not to enter the liver, the large population in order to prevent neonatal become carriers. If after 24 hours of birth again, prevention less effective, so the provisions of the injection should not exceed 24 hours after birth.
After vaccination, how long can produce antibodies?
A: After the initial vaccination, the general body in a month can produce some antibodies, but still immune due to personal circumstances vary. Subsequent injection of additional vaccine will enable the same concentration of antibodies in the human body rapidly increased, reaching a concentration of the protective effect.
Can you beat a cold when hepatitis B vaccine?
A: The injection of hepatitis B vaccine from the cold though, but not vaccination is appropriate.
Hepatitis B vaccine should be injected several times until a total effective? If you do not complete the injection, how should I do? Also effective?
A: started to accept genetically engineered hepatitis B vaccination after the same dose every other month, additional time, the following five months after the injection of a complete three times after injection, the estimated vaccine effectiveness of sustainable for at least five years. If you do not complete the vaccination process, while the validity period may be shortened, and the outcome will be poorer than expected. If you do not have surface antibody, and the distance from the previous injection time is too long, you may need to receive a complete vaccination.
Injection of hepatitis B vaccine are not completely prevent infection of hepatitis B?
Answer: In addition to the surface of a small number of people unable to generate antibodies, are avoidable infection to hepatitis B, and its validity period of at least five years.
Would it be possible because injection of hepatitis B vaccine and hepatitis B infection?
Answer: The current hepatitis B vaccines are produced using genetic engineering methods, which contain only the surface antigen, not the whole virus, it is not possible due to the vaccination of hepatitis B infection.
Surface antigen positive pregnant women, e-antigen negative and positive surface antigen, e-antibody positive by the infant vaccine are not different? Why?
A: The vaccination method of the type and the same. However, surface antigen positive, e-antigen positive pregnant women have more of hepatitis B virus, a higher chance of infection, so 24 hours after birth (in pre-vaccination), should be injection of hepatitis B immunoglobulin to and has entered the body of hepatitis B virus, so as to effective prevention.
The implementation of hepatitis B vaccination is the main purpose of what?
Answer: In view of China's hepatitis B infection in the number of Trinidad and Tobago, and adults about 15 ~ 20% of the carrier, and China's cirrhosis and liver cancer cases are mostly caused by hepatitis B infection, in order to make the next generation no longer have hepatitis B and cirrhosis and liver cancer, so the implementation of hepatitis B vaccinations.
Injection of hepatitis B vaccine and immunoglobulin should be noted that what matters? Is there any taboos?
Answer:
(1) neonatal injection of hepatitis B immunoglobulin taboos have: suffocation, difficulty in breathing, heart function failure, coma, seizures, fever and other serious illnesses are.
(2) infant vaccination of hepatitis B vaccine contraindications:
1) observed 48 hours after birth, we think that the baby looks, visceral function and viability is not normal.
2) premature infants born within one month may not be injected.
3) has asphyxiating, difficulty in breathing, heart function failure, severe jaundice (serum bilirubin greater than 15 mg / ml), coma or seizures and other serious illnesses are.
4) have congenital malformations and serious functional impairment of the viscera.
Are not at present have seen the promotion of hepatitis B vaccination effectiveness?
Answer: Yes, in Taipei city district conducted a survey in August 73 before year-old children about the hepatitis B carrier rate around 10% ten years later in 83, the carrier rate has been reduced to 1%, its effectiveness has been very obvious. In fact, children in Taiwan the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma was also promotion of hepatitis B vaccination has significantly reduced.
How to the prevention of B, D and C hepatitis?
Answer: B-type, D type and C type hepatitis non-oral infections of hepatitis, it should be avoided by blood and sexual contact of infection. Such as to avoid unnecessary blood transfusions, the need for blood transfusion should be used when the blood tests; surgery or dental governance should be to have a good medical and health equipment, hospital clinics for treatment; use disposable syringes, do not share toothbrushes, scratch Hu knife, not just tattoos, eyebrow tattoos, acupuncture and to refrain from improper sexual behavior and intravenous drug addiction. In particular, hepatitis B with the original male prostitute should be avoided (because half of prostitutes have been infected with hepatitis D), and so on are all individuals should know to prevent viral infection and measures of common sense.
Now there are not C and D of hepatitis vaccine?
A: There are no C and D of hepatitis vaccines for immunization.
A: Viral hepatitis prevention, due to the different means of transmission and have no vaccine vary.
Infection of infectious diseases, clinical can be classified as "oral" and "non-oral sex", that is, microbial infection, as we eat food, after into the body, that is, oral sex; or mouth outside it, such as micro-organisms through the skin, mucous membrane, such as: blood transfusion, injections, surgery, tattoos, eyebrow tattoos, sexual contact, such as entering the body, that is, non-oral sex.
How to can prevent hepatitis A and E?
A: In front have already mentioned, A and hepatitis E infection is oral infection, is the real start with the mouth. Therefore, A and E hepatitis prevention methods, measures, with the prevention of oral infection of other diseases, such as food poisoning, exactly the same. Therefore, in order to prevent hepatitis A and E infections, the most important thing is that everyone is familiar with the improvement of sanitation, and pay attention to personal hygiene. Thus, an individual, diet materials, food and a clean hands are the most important. Not raw food, not to drink unboiled water, especially to remote areas or poor sanitation more carefully. Now have on the hepatitis A vaccine, so you can check the blood did not have hepatitis A antibody (anti-HAV), and if not, can accept hepatitis A vaccination.
A vaccine against hepatitis are not can be a lifetime will not be infected with hepatitis A?
Answer: no clear answer. Ever since the hepatitis A vaccine has only gone through five or six years, but also continue to be observed, but at least seven or eight years there is no question the future may need to make additional vaccine.
How to can to prevent hepatitis B?
Answer:
(1) to reduce mother-to-child infection
1) to increase the baby's preventive measures. All newborns should receive hepatitis B vaccination.
2) to prevent transmission within the family, carriers should avoid kissing the baby, but can not chew food to feed the baby.
(2) reduce the level of infection
1) Stick gum, acupuncture needles, surgery, such as appliances, medical equipment, high-pressure steam sterilization should be used. The use of sterile disposable plastic, disposable.
2) to avoid unnecessary injections, acupuncture, eyebrow tattoos, tattoos.
3) Avoid unnecessary blood transfusion.
4) do not have someone else's toothbrush, razor, so as to avoid scratch the skin or mucous membrane has been infected.
5) to prohibit the carrier to donate blood to others.
6) health care personnel should wear examination gloves, work wear clothing, and beware of needles stabbed himself, the skin has scratch tape should be affixed to the protection of the wound. The most important thing is to make sure that they have no surface antibody, if necessary, should be vaccinated first hepatitis B vaccine.
Hepatitis B should begin prevention?
Answer: It should be about to begin in infancy and Prevention, adults should always pay attention to prevention.
Hepatitis B patient's family to how to do prevention?
A: First of all, to the hospital for blood tests of hepatitis B virus markers, as long as the surface has surface antigen or antibodies exist, all without fear of being infected. If it is not infected with hepatitis B, the best injection of hepatitis B vaccine, to avoid being infected.
General surgery, dentistry, obstetrics and equipment used to how to disinfect is the security?
A: The only fresh water was used to clean are unable to kill the virus should be used following the method of disinfection.
(1) thermal disinfection
1) to 100 degrees Celsius for more than 15 minutes to boil.
2) using high-pressure steam pot at a temperature of 120 degrees, in 15 pounds per square inch steam sterilization under pressure for 15 minutes.
3) do the 120 degrees Celsius hot sterilized for two hours.
(2) drug disinfection
1) Sodium Hypochlorite (Sodium hypochloride) 0.5 to 1.0% solution, sterilized for 30 minutes, but this agent has corrosive to metal.
2) 40% formalin (Formalin) solution, disinfected within 12 hours or 20% formalin dissolved in 70% alcohol solution, sterilized 18 hours.
3) 2% formaldehyde basification E N (alkalinized glutaraldehyde) solution, sterilized for 10 hours.
4) ethylene oxide (Ethylene oxide) gas sterilization.
Played after the vaccine, is not it would not have had hepatitis B? How long will it take to do a blood test?
A: According to the results of the current study, vaccination of the surface of the body automatically generated antibodies, and its concentration in the six years is sufficient to prevent hepatitis B infection. But six years after the surface of the concentration of antibodies in general will gradually reduce, where necessary, an additional vaccine, one month after the injection should be the concentration of antibodies in blood test surface.
Injection of hepatitis B immunoglobulin to what use? Can avoid being infected with it for life?
A: The injection of hepatitis B immune globulin may temporarily against the hepatitis B virus infection, but each time only to maintain the effectiveness of injection of 1 ~ 2 months, and no life-long infection-free results.
Mother for the e-antigen carrier, in pregnancy or the production process, Is there any way to avoid transmission of hepatitis B to newborns?
A: Nothing can be in the pregnancy or the production process, an absolute to avoid transmission of hepatitis B to newborns. In fact, during pregnancy, from mother to fetus is very low probability. Production are the best way to birth within 24 hours playing on the facilities of hepatitis B immunoglobulin, later played in accordance with the provisions of facilities of hepatitis B vaccine. So at least make 90% of newborns to avoid being infected.
With the original maternal discharge from hospital, what questions should be noted?
A: The proper handling of blood and genital secretions, and maintain clean hands in order to avoid transmission of hepatitis B virus to the baby and others. Infants and other children have not yet infected should be brought to accept when the hepatitis B vaccine vaccination.
Maternal chronic hepatitis B patients or carriers, their babies how to be able to prevent infection?
A: The chronic carrier mothers, their infants should be 3-5 days after birth, over one month and six months (second dose and third dose intervals for five months) giving a total of three genetically engineered vaccine; If the maternal serum are e-antigen positive, it also required 24 hours of the baby, the immediate injection of hepatitis B immune globulin, so that there are at least 90 percent of newborns will be able to prevent infection. In addition, child feeding, the absolute to avoid chewing food and then fed to young children, or avoid other potentially have the level of the risk of infection.
If the mother has hepatitis B, and its neonatal hepatitis B did not play what vaccines the problem?
A: If the child was born, his mother are e-antigen positive, the child is very likely (90%) became carriers; if mothers are e-antigen negative, then the probability of a child infected with a lower (percentile of ten).
Hepatitis B virus is not a high-pressure steam sterilization can be used entirely to kill time on?
A: The high-pressure steam sterilization method can be used to kill the hepatitis B virus.
Hepatitis B surface antigen positive, e-antigen-negative mothers of infants, if the baby in the hospital interior, and its bottle, boiling pans should not be used separately with other babies?
A: Although the boiling pans can kill viruses, and infant saliva of hepatitis B virus does not exist, but if not handled properly will spread their disease, from the hygiene point of view, every baby should be treated differently in the bottle The best. Bottle if you use high-pressure steam sterilization, and you do not need to be treated separately.
If contaminated hepatitis B virus barbed needles that immediate injection of gamma globulin have effect?
Answer: gamma globulin refers to the general of immunoglobulin, the effects are far less hepatitis B immunoglobulin.
Are not adults can also be injection of hepatitis B vaccine?
Answer: as long as they are not infected with hepatitis B adult, can be injection of hepatitis B vaccine, but at their own expense.
Hepatitis B infection in mothers or pregnant women are not able to fight hepatitis B vaccine?
Answer: B hepatitis vaccine is used for the treatment rather than prevention, there have have been infected with hepatitis B vaccination of people do not have to.
Babies are not necessarily fight hepatitis B vaccine?
Answer: Yes. In particular, maternal themselves or their families are there carriers, be sure to schedule one born on the injection of hepatitis B vaccine to prevent infant infection.
Infants in which case, we must fight hepatitis B immune globulin?
A: If pregnant women are surface antigen and e-antigen positive, or the surface antigen positive and testing methods used RPHA titer higher than 2560 must be born on one injection of hepatitis B immunoglobulin, and then the third birth to five days , over one month, six months were injected with a genetically engineered hepatitis B vaccine.
If you do not timely vaccination or immune globulin, the effect will be reduced are not?
Answer: Yes. Hepatitis B immunoglobulin to the baby as soon as possible after the injection, will have a better effect, by not more than 24 hours, otherwise it is impossible to achieve the prevention of infection by hepatitis B virus in the desired effect. Another three genetically engineered vaccine injection should be updated, if not on time injection, the effect of the poor.
Pregnant women, hepatitis B surface antigen negative when in prenatal, newborn are not the fight of hepatitis B vaccine?
Answer: Yes, playing the hepatitis B vaccine can make babies for hepatitis B virus resistance to avoid future infection.
Pregnant women after the inspection in the production of its carrier, the baby will still be able to fight are not the vaccine?
A: If pregnant women after childbirth and found for the e-antigen positive carriers of, the birth is over 24 hours non-free inoculation of neonatal hepatitis B immunoglobulin alone vaccination schedule for its three B genetically engineered hepatitis B vaccine.
Fetal infection of hepatitis B virus carriers often, now that has been infected, why infant vaccination would be effective?
A: If it is in the fetal period has been infected, vaccination is also null and void; but the fetal period the rate of infection is very low, about five per cent. A majority of the babies are in production or production with the original by the mother, therefore, required as soon as possible after birth to prevent infection by vaccination. Another vaccine effectiveness in accordance with evaluation results, the surface antigen positive, e-antigen positive mothers also produced by neonatal injection 2, 96% of vaccine will produce antibodies after injection of 3 has a higher percentage of antibodies . And e-antigen positive carrier mothers of newborns, at birth a first injection of hepatitis B immunoglobulin, and then injected three doses of vaccine on time, the immune effect of up to 90% or more.
No blood tests had hepatitis B virus markers, Can hepatitis B vaccine injection?
A: The best first blood tests of hepatitis B surface antigen and antibodies, both negative re-vaccinated in order to avoid a waste of money and time.
Because their parents are carriers, and the request at their own expense to the vaccination of their children, there is no need to have?
Answer: there is a need, but let their children the best blood tests, to ascertain the infection has not only required vaccination.
Hepatitis B vaccination should be?
Answer: It is now used by hepatitis B vaccines are manufactured by genetic engineering methods, the general play three, the first dose and second dose one month interval, a second dose and third dose intervals for five months.
Hepatitis B vaccine injection what side effects?
A: injection site swelling, fever, local induration, etc. occasionally have signs of inflammation, usually mild and subside within two days after injection, and sometimes have a slight fever, but also more than two days after injection, subsided. In general, few side effects.
Injection of hepatitis B immune globulin has what side effects?
Answer: usually happen only local pain at the injection site, urticaria have occasionally, perivascular edema and other allergic phenomena.
Remember after the first injection of vaccine if there is jaundice, can not continue to injection?
A: After the first dose of vaccination have jaundice If it is found that the symptoms should see a pediatrician examination to find out the cause. Jaundice in the neonatal period happened for many reasons, the most common are the so-called neonatal jaundice (physiologic jaundice), which jaundice had nothing to do with vaccination. Jaundice caused by other reasons, such as mother and child blood group incompatibility, glucose -6 - phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, also has nothing to do with the injection. In general, vaccination with mostly unrelated to the occurrence of jaundice, and common neonatal period after appropriate treatment of jaundice will disappear naturally, so should be able to continue on schedule with the second dose third dose.
After vaccination local reactions happen, it should be how to deal with?
A: partial to cleaning and disinfection can be.
If the fever after vaccination, can give anti-fever medicine?
A: If fever vaccination are caused because when the heat is not too high, there is no need for anti-fever drugs, will naturally be good after two days.
First baby born on a good number of vaccines, it will not have adverse effects?
Answer: no.
Older children fight hepatitis B vaccine should be vaccinated to what place?
A: Elementary grade 1 children (including one year) can receive free vaccination, more than second-grade children can come to have for hepatitis B vaccination of the public and private hospitals, clinics for vaccination at their own expense.
Hepatitis B vaccination vaccine injection on time if we do not have any affected?
A: The injection time for decision was the result of multiple clinical trials to choose the best person to set out, and therefore not vaccinated on time will affect the effectiveness of vaccines.
Can hepatitis B vaccine with other vaccines (eg BCG) vaccination at the same time?
Answer: B hepatitis vaccine does not affect the other vaccines, can be vaccinated at the same time, but required separate injection site. However, with the Japanese encephalitis vaccination time, the best one-month interval.
Why is neonatal hepatitis B immunoglobulin (purified high concentrations of fine surface antibody), to be injected 24 hours after birth?
A: maternal for the e-antigen positive carriers, the virus contained in the body more, and therefore production, have more transmission of the virus to newborns may be, so as soon as possible given hepatitis B immunoglobulin protein injection to combat hepatitis B virus, it not to enter the liver, the large population in order to prevent neonatal become carriers. If after 24 hours of birth again, prevention less effective, so the provisions of the injection should not exceed 24 hours after birth.
After vaccination, how long can produce antibodies?
A: After the initial vaccination, the general body in a month can produce some antibodies, but still immune due to personal circumstances vary. Subsequent injection of additional vaccine will enable the same concentration of antibodies in the human body rapidly increased, reaching a concentration of the protective effect.
Can you beat a cold when hepatitis B vaccine?
A: The injection of hepatitis B vaccine from the cold though, but not vaccination is appropriate.
Hepatitis B vaccine should be injected several times until a total effective? If you do not complete the injection, how should I do? Also effective?
A: started to accept genetically engineered hepatitis B vaccination after the same dose every other month, additional time, the following five months after the injection of a complete three times after injection, the estimated vaccine effectiveness of sustainable for at least five years. If you do not complete the vaccination process, while the validity period may be shortened, and the outcome will be poorer than expected. If you do not have surface antibody, and the distance from the previous injection time is too long, you may need to receive a complete vaccination.
Injection of hepatitis B vaccine are not completely prevent infection of hepatitis B?
Answer: In addition to the surface of a small number of people unable to generate antibodies, are avoidable infection to hepatitis B, and its validity period of at least five years.
Would it be possible because injection of hepatitis B vaccine and hepatitis B infection?
Answer: The current hepatitis B vaccines are produced using genetic engineering methods, which contain only the surface antigen, not the whole virus, it is not possible due to the vaccination of hepatitis B infection.
Surface antigen positive pregnant women, e-antigen negative and positive surface antigen, e-antibody positive by the infant vaccine are not different? Why?
A: The vaccination method of the type and the same. However, surface antigen positive, e-antigen positive pregnant women have more of hepatitis B virus, a higher chance of infection, so 24 hours after birth (in pre-vaccination), should be injection of hepatitis B immunoglobulin to and has entered the body of hepatitis B virus, so as to effective prevention.
The implementation of hepatitis B vaccination is the main purpose of what?
Answer: In view of China's hepatitis B infection in the number of Trinidad and Tobago, and adults about 15 ~ 20% of the carrier, and China's cirrhosis and liver cancer cases are mostly caused by hepatitis B infection, in order to make the next generation no longer have hepatitis B and cirrhosis and liver cancer, so the implementation of hepatitis B vaccinations.
Injection of hepatitis B vaccine and immunoglobulin should be noted that what matters? Is there any taboos?
Answer:
(1) neonatal injection of hepatitis B immunoglobulin taboos have: suffocation, difficulty in breathing, heart function failure, coma, seizures, fever and other serious illnesses are.
(2) infant vaccination of hepatitis B vaccine contraindications:
1) observed 48 hours after birth, we think that the baby looks, visceral function and viability is not normal.
2) premature infants born within one month may not be injected.
3) has asphyxiating, difficulty in breathing, heart function failure, severe jaundice (serum bilirubin greater than 15 mg / ml), coma or seizures and other serious illnesses are.
4) have congenital malformations and serious functional impairment of the viscera.
Are not at present have seen the promotion of hepatitis B vaccination effectiveness?
Answer: Yes, in Taipei city district conducted a survey in August 73 before year-old children about the hepatitis B carrier rate around 10% ten years later in 83, the carrier rate has been reduced to 1%, its effectiveness has been very obvious. In fact, children in Taiwan the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma was also promotion of hepatitis B vaccination has significantly reduced.
How to the prevention of B, D and C hepatitis?
Answer: B-type, D type and C type hepatitis non-oral infections of hepatitis, it should be avoided by blood and sexual contact of infection. Such as to avoid unnecessary blood transfusions, the need for blood transfusion should be used when the blood tests; surgery or dental governance should be to have a good medical and health equipment, hospital clinics for treatment; use disposable syringes, do not share toothbrushes, scratch Hu knife, not just tattoos, eyebrow tattoos, acupuncture and to refrain from improper sexual behavior and intravenous drug addiction. In particular, hepatitis B with the original male prostitute should be avoided (because half of prostitutes have been infected with hepatitis D), and so on are all individuals should know to prevent viral infection and measures of common sense.
Now there are not C and D of hepatitis vaccine?
A: There are no C and D of hepatitis vaccines for immunization.
Treatment
Often heard no cure for liver disease?
A: Patients often heard that there is no medicine because Western medicine to treat liver disease, and to eat traditional Chinese medicine or herbs, or simply give up treatment. In fact, if we say that there is no Western medicine to treat liver disease, then Chinese medicine and herbs, no medicines to treat the liver disease. U.S. general because the word "medicine" has made a mistake that can cause the medicine is "medicine", the other is not "medicine" or "medicine" has been.
To put it bluntly, do not use the treatment of acute hepatitis, but also the vast majority of their own will, and simply does not need medication. There are many patients have acute hepatitis, the eating of Chinese medicine, herbs, Micronesia, remedy, thinking that eating these "medicine" (?) To hepatitis cured, in fact, are themselves well with the eating of "medicine" (?) has nothing to do. Sometimes, instead of eating them because I do not know what the "medicine "(?), itself well to the original disease, treatment and become chronic ill.
Chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis disease symptoms are not very obvious, if we do not rely on the test results in almost no way to know. Unfortunately, in these two diseases, have tested as part of the outcome of the project, often express the fluctuating data, the experts know this fact, it will not tell which patients on the unconscionable that you cured of hepatitis. However, there are some "doctor" (?) Said that his "medicine" (?) To liver disease cured.
Indeed, Western medicine is still no absolute will be cured (cure, get rid of hepatitis C virus) viral chronic hepatitis medicines, and traditional Chinese medicine, herbs, Micronesia, prescriptions more do not have a cure medicine. This does not mean, however, viral chronic hepatitis, there is no cure for Forever, in fact every year a new drug treatment of viral hepatitis occur. And, including my own country in the world there are people in the use of, and received some degree of therapeutic effect, but also the effect of not more than 100 percent. Time will solve this problem, I hope everyone has patience. As traditional Chinese medicine is to do some research, only scientifically proven method to do research, and make an impartial assessment of the report of no more than less.
A how to treatment of hepatitis? Admitted to hospital for it?
A: Acute hepatitis A with or without symptoms, the vast majority of patients are cured, so unnecessary special treatment, as long as patients pay more attention to the balance of rest and eating it.
A: Those who do not need hospitalization, generally do not need. Poor appetite, unless admitted to hospital for drips to supplement nutrition, or jaundice increase to be hospitalized for observation whether there is any risk of liver failure, the hospital is not required.
Can a hepatitis B immune globulin treatment of hepatitis B?
Answer: B immune globulin hepatitis B virus infection can only be used for prevention purposes, to have been infected with the virus carriers are not taking effect.
Chronic viral hepatitis patients day-to-day care?
Answer: The daily life of chronic viral hepatitis patients should heed the following advice:
(1) diet is not partial eclipse.
(2) Do not drink alcohol.
(3) adequate rest and sleep.
(4) normal work and rest, do not stay up all night, do not over-fatigue, but there should be an appropriate exercise.
(5) to refrain from serving medicines, especially drugs of unknown composition.
(6) regular doctor's clinic.
Carriers should be to avoid how to develop liver cirrhosis or cancer?
A: The carrier must have a normal and regular life, do not drink, do not stay up all night, intake of balanced diet, especially a regular basis for medical treatment, because doctors will proceed according to the condition given appropriate tests and treatment. In addition, never taking their medicines, in particular ingredients are unknown or unreliable medicine.
Got hepatitis, shall not have to eat, what supplements?
A: The principle of hepatitis patients are high-protein diet, low in fat as long as eating a balanced diet in a number of high-protein food, eat less fat foods can, in particular what supplements unnecessary.
Can Chinese medicine treatment of hepatitis B?
A: There is no sufficient evidence to support the Chinese medicine treatment of hepatitis B results.
Various forms of treatment of hepatitis are not a difference?
A: Taiwan's main have viral hepatitis, alcohol and drug-induced three, the most common are viral hepatitis, viral hepatitis was divided into A, B, C type, D type and E type. Variety or the treatment of hepatitis basically Nothing special distinction. But Rao Su-do for different types of viral hepatitis have varying degrees of effectiveness.
For viral hepatitis, it is not already have a special treatment?
A: Yes. At present, the more useful are anti-viral drugs, which are most representative of interferon, other are still in beta stage and so has Ribavirin and Lamivudine.
Hepatitis B patients in need of treatment under what circumstances?
A: There is no basis for. When aware that they have hepatitis B should be accepted liver expert examination and diagnosis, and accept the expert's instructions to do the treatment. According to the symptoms of hepatitis because some people simply do not need treatment, on the other hand, some of the patient's symptoms should be or could accept the latest exploratory treatment, all treatment should be based on the actual condition at the time and expert judgments to determine the treatment approach. You can ask a doctor give you a detailed description of treatment guidelines and effect, but can not listen to non-experts and well-intentioned but may have adverse consequences for the kind words addressed to.
Acute hepatitis why would like to stress to rest quietly in bed?
A: The infection of hepatitis, the patients need proper rest and avoid excessive labor, but unless the patient is unable to get up, otherwise there is no emphasis on bed rest must be necessary.
Why can be used to interferon treatment of chronic type B or hepatitis C?
A: interferon into the human body, it will induce the body's cells to produce a number of inhibiting virus replication and dissemination of material, so it is a kind of anti-viral drugs. In fact, patients will feel a cold fever, symptoms of systemic weakness in the human body is penetrated in the influenza viruses, the interferon in the body itself to resist the result of the virus.
Interferon therapy are the?
A: Does intramuscular injection of interferon therapy are the treatment methods. Now recognized standards is injected three times a week, the general fight for six months. Dose generally in a 3-6000000 units.
If interferon therapy effective, are not make-B or hepatitis C virus from the body disappear?
A: The medical community recognized the success of interferon therapy is defined as:
(1) B hepatitis: Patient serum GPT (ALT) and return to normal, e-antigen disappeared, e-antibodies, the disappearance of inflammation in liver tissue;
(2) C hepatitis: Patient serum GPT (ALT) returned to normal, and blood and liver tissues of hepatitis C virus genome disappear, inflammation of the liver tissue also disappeared.
Interferon injections have side effects?
A: Yes, some side-effects of interferon, but patients generally acceptable, but there are also some patients are unable to tolerate the side effects resulting in discontinuation of treatment.
The side effects include: flu-like symptoms (such as: fever, headache, body aches, etc.), white blood cell and platelet mild reduction, weight loss, depressed and so on, the first two more common, the latter two are less common. As long as the drug, side effects disappear quickly. However, attention has been necessary due to the use of interferon cases resulting in suicide, but also have caused autoimmune diseases among women. Not to be confused with Chinese medicine Xiaochaihu Tang used together can cause interstitial pneumonia deaths.
Viral hepatitis are not every patient will have to accept the interferon therapy?
Answer: It is not. At present, the use of interferon therapy are the main targets of chronic B and C hepatitis patients, and are type B or C chronic hepatitis patients, the serum GPT (ALT) values higher than the normal upper limit of the continued twice, and only needs consider accepting interferon therapy. Acute hepatitis C patients have more than half will turn into chronic hepatitis C, some scholars have advocated as early as possible to their interferon treatment.
In addition, interferon treatment does not apply to the following patients:
(1) liver disease patients in serious condition,
(2) white blood cells and blood plate too few people
(3) had autoimmune diseases,
(4) has a history of depressive illness, and
(5) AIDS patients.
If B or C chronic hepatitis patients who have received standard interferon treatment but were still invalid, the researchers are studying the medical community find the best combination of therapy. Such as oral interferon plus Ribavirin Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C, its efficiency can be upgraded to have about 50%, while IFN plus Lamivudine or Lamivudine alone are still under trial, the effect seems to be very favorable. Has the new treatment method will be reported at any time.
A: Patients often heard that there is no medicine because Western medicine to treat liver disease, and to eat traditional Chinese medicine or herbs, or simply give up treatment. In fact, if we say that there is no Western medicine to treat liver disease, then Chinese medicine and herbs, no medicines to treat the liver disease. U.S. general because the word "medicine" has made a mistake that can cause the medicine is "medicine", the other is not "medicine" or "medicine" has been.
To put it bluntly, do not use the treatment of acute hepatitis, but also the vast majority of their own will, and simply does not need medication. There are many patients have acute hepatitis, the eating of Chinese medicine, herbs, Micronesia, remedy, thinking that eating these "medicine" (?) To hepatitis cured, in fact, are themselves well with the eating of "medicine" (?) has nothing to do. Sometimes, instead of eating them because I do not know what the "medicine "(?), itself well to the original disease, treatment and become chronic ill.
Chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis disease symptoms are not very obvious, if we do not rely on the test results in almost no way to know. Unfortunately, in these two diseases, have tested as part of the outcome of the project, often express the fluctuating data, the experts know this fact, it will not tell which patients on the unconscionable that you cured of hepatitis. However, there are some "doctor" (?) Said that his "medicine" (?) To liver disease cured.
Indeed, Western medicine is still no absolute will be cured (cure, get rid of hepatitis C virus) viral chronic hepatitis medicines, and traditional Chinese medicine, herbs, Micronesia, prescriptions more do not have a cure medicine. This does not mean, however, viral chronic hepatitis, there is no cure for Forever, in fact every year a new drug treatment of viral hepatitis occur. And, including my own country in the world there are people in the use of, and received some degree of therapeutic effect, but also the effect of not more than 100 percent. Time will solve this problem, I hope everyone has patience. As traditional Chinese medicine is to do some research, only scientifically proven method to do research, and make an impartial assessment of the report of no more than less.
A how to treatment of hepatitis? Admitted to hospital for it?
A: Acute hepatitis A with or without symptoms, the vast majority of patients are cured, so unnecessary special treatment, as long as patients pay more attention to the balance of rest and eating it.
A: Those who do not need hospitalization, generally do not need. Poor appetite, unless admitted to hospital for drips to supplement nutrition, or jaundice increase to be hospitalized for observation whether there is any risk of liver failure, the hospital is not required.
Can a hepatitis B immune globulin treatment of hepatitis B?
Answer: B immune globulin hepatitis B virus infection can only be used for prevention purposes, to have been infected with the virus carriers are not taking effect.
Chronic viral hepatitis patients day-to-day care?
Answer: The daily life of chronic viral hepatitis patients should heed the following advice:
(1) diet is not partial eclipse.
(2) Do not drink alcohol.
(3) adequate rest and sleep.
(4) normal work and rest, do not stay up all night, do not over-fatigue, but there should be an appropriate exercise.
(5) to refrain from serving medicines, especially drugs of unknown composition.
(6) regular doctor's clinic.
Carriers should be to avoid how to develop liver cirrhosis or cancer?
A: The carrier must have a normal and regular life, do not drink, do not stay up all night, intake of balanced diet, especially a regular basis for medical treatment, because doctors will proceed according to the condition given appropriate tests and treatment. In addition, never taking their medicines, in particular ingredients are unknown or unreliable medicine.
Got hepatitis, shall not have to eat, what supplements?
A: The principle of hepatitis patients are high-protein diet, low in fat as long as eating a balanced diet in a number of high-protein food, eat less fat foods can, in particular what supplements unnecessary.
Can Chinese medicine treatment of hepatitis B?
A: There is no sufficient evidence to support the Chinese medicine treatment of hepatitis B results.
Various forms of treatment of hepatitis are not a difference?
A: Taiwan's main have viral hepatitis, alcohol and drug-induced three, the most common are viral hepatitis, viral hepatitis was divided into A, B, C type, D type and E type. Variety or the treatment of hepatitis basically Nothing special distinction. But Rao Su-do for different types of viral hepatitis have varying degrees of effectiveness.
For viral hepatitis, it is not already have a special treatment?
A: Yes. At present, the more useful are anti-viral drugs, which are most representative of interferon, other are still in beta stage and so has Ribavirin and Lamivudine.
Hepatitis B patients in need of treatment under what circumstances?
A: There is no basis for. When aware that they have hepatitis B should be accepted liver expert examination and diagnosis, and accept the expert's instructions to do the treatment. According to the symptoms of hepatitis because some people simply do not need treatment, on the other hand, some of the patient's symptoms should be or could accept the latest exploratory treatment, all treatment should be based on the actual condition at the time and expert judgments to determine the treatment approach. You can ask a doctor give you a detailed description of treatment guidelines and effect, but can not listen to non-experts and well-intentioned but may have adverse consequences for the kind words addressed to.
Acute hepatitis why would like to stress to rest quietly in bed?
A: The infection of hepatitis, the patients need proper rest and avoid excessive labor, but unless the patient is unable to get up, otherwise there is no emphasis on bed rest must be necessary.
Why can be used to interferon treatment of chronic type B or hepatitis C?
A: interferon into the human body, it will induce the body's cells to produce a number of inhibiting virus replication and dissemination of material, so it is a kind of anti-viral drugs. In fact, patients will feel a cold fever, symptoms of systemic weakness in the human body is penetrated in the influenza viruses, the interferon in the body itself to resist the result of the virus.
Interferon therapy are the?
A: Does intramuscular injection of interferon therapy are the treatment methods. Now recognized standards is injected three times a week, the general fight for six months. Dose generally in a 3-6000000 units.
If interferon therapy effective, are not make-B or hepatitis C virus from the body disappear?
A: The medical community recognized the success of interferon therapy is defined as:
(1) B hepatitis: Patient serum GPT (ALT) and return to normal, e-antigen disappeared, e-antibodies, the disappearance of inflammation in liver tissue;
(2) C hepatitis: Patient serum GPT (ALT) returned to normal, and blood and liver tissues of hepatitis C virus genome disappear, inflammation of the liver tissue also disappeared.
Interferon injections have side effects?
A: Yes, some side-effects of interferon, but patients generally acceptable, but there are also some patients are unable to tolerate the side effects resulting in discontinuation of treatment.
The side effects include: flu-like symptoms (such as: fever, headache, body aches, etc.), white blood cell and platelet mild reduction, weight loss, depressed and so on, the first two more common, the latter two are less common. As long as the drug, side effects disappear quickly. However, attention has been necessary due to the use of interferon cases resulting in suicide, but also have caused autoimmune diseases among women. Not to be confused with Chinese medicine Xiaochaihu Tang used together can cause interstitial pneumonia deaths.
Viral hepatitis are not every patient will have to accept the interferon therapy?
Answer: It is not. At present, the use of interferon therapy are the main targets of chronic B and C hepatitis patients, and are type B or C chronic hepatitis patients, the serum GPT (ALT) values higher than the normal upper limit of the continued twice, and only needs consider accepting interferon therapy. Acute hepatitis C patients have more than half will turn into chronic hepatitis C, some scholars have advocated as early as possible to their interferon treatment.
In addition, interferon treatment does not apply to the following patients:
(1) liver disease patients in serious condition,
(2) white blood cells and blood plate too few people
(3) had autoimmune diseases,
(4) has a history of depressive illness, and
(5) AIDS patients.
If B or C chronic hepatitis patients who have received standard interferon treatment but were still invalid, the researchers are studying the medical community find the best combination of therapy. Such as oral interferon plus Ribavirin Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C, its efficiency can be upgraded to have about 50%, while IFN plus Lamivudine or Lamivudine alone are still under trial, the effect seems to be very favorable. Has the new treatment method will be reported at any time.
Diagnosis
【What is hepatitis? 】
Answer: because of the liver by viruses, alcohol, drugs, chemical substances, such as harm caused by liver cells of inflammation, injury, necrosis disease is hepatitis.
【Know how to can not have hepatitis? 】
A: The blood test blood GPT (ALT) values before we know has not received hepatitis. GOT (AST) values although it reflects the situation has not hepatitis, but sometimes even in the absence of hepatitis GOT value will rise, such as: myocardial infarction, such as muscle lesions. In fact, the general saying of liver function are the main means of GPT, GOT value of the test results. GPT, GOT value may not be consistent with symptoms related to high and low.
【Abnormal liver function, make sure you are Hepatitis B? 】
A: abnormal liver function caused by many reasons, B-type hepatitis but are just one of the causes. Other types of viral hepatitis and other causes of hepatitis can affect liver function, there is abnormal liver function should be further examination of various hepatitis virus markers to help identify.
【Drug eat more will not cause hepatitis? 】
A: There are a lot of drugs will be injury to the liver caused by hepatitis, that is, drug-induced hepatitis. Its mechanism has two, a dose-related, and the other is with the allergy-related, so it will not cause hepatitis varies from person to person.
【What is called fulminant hepatitis? And hepatitis B related to it? 】
A: fulminant hepatitis is one of the most serious acute hepatitis. Incidence of 2-6 weeks after the sudden deterioration in condition, causing hepatic coma, and finally leading to death. For any reason arising from hepatitis may become fulminant hepatitis, hepatitis B is of course one of the reasons why.
Acute and chronic viral hepatitis 【What is the difference? 】
A: Yes. Hepatitis C virus enter the human body can cause varying degrees of liver cell injury, that is, acute hepatitis, if hepatitis symptoms last more than six months, it is called chronic hepatitis. Therefore hepatitis to the length of the course can be divided into (1) "acute" and (2) "chronic" hepatitis. "Acute hepatitis" in the disease after one to two months will be a natural cure, and when symptoms of hepatitis, including hepatitis marker-positive (B surface antigen of hepatitis was positive), symptoms, liver function tests or biopsy pathology, continuous showed abnormal for over six months, we are called "chronic hepatitis." Chronic hepatitis may also histopathological changes of the different and classified as "chronic persistent hepatitis" and "chronic active hepatitis."
【What is called hepatitis B carriers? 】
A: The human body has the presence of pathogens, but when the show is called asymptomatic "carriers" (that is, "Healthy carriers" abbreviation). Long-term (such as six months, one year) when the original band called "chronic carriers." In cases of hepatitis B infection hepatitis B virus, could not in six months to exclude the virus from the body so that the virus in the liver of patients continue to produce, so blood tests continued to show hepatitis B surface antigen positive , but the clinical and asymptomatic (including a variety of tests and normal), it is called "chronic carrier", also referred to as "carriers." ( "Carriers" = "healthy carriers" = "chronic carriers")
【 "Healthy carriers" then what is it? 】
Answer: B hepatitis "carriers" Although asymptomatic, but the body continues to produce hepatitis virus, it can spread hepatitis B to others. B-type chronic hepatitis cases, symptoms have a blood test will also be presented hepatitis B surface antigen positive, but the habits are generally referred to "carrier" refers to "chronic carriers, there was no inflammation of the liver cells (liver cell damage), and blood testing asymptomatic GPT (ALT), GOT (AST) results of normal, and no cases of liver cirrhosis; the general public in order to make easier to understand, in the "carrier" in front of more "health" the word is called "healthy carriers", and these have symptoms of chronic hepatitis cases make the difference. "Surface antibody" positive, there are the body for hepatitis B virus who are infected with hepatitis B has recovered, and will not be infected with hepatitis B will not infection to others. "Core antibody" positive, express the past have been infected and has now infected with hepatitis B, and the meaning of that is to say, after hepatitis B infection has been cured and no longer infected with the body now has hepatitis C virus will be transmitted to others people who were core antibody positive will.
【Carriers is, how formed? 】
A: normal adults had hepatitis B virus infection, the vast majority of the virus eliminated from the body and heal. But have low immune function, as well as the newborn or child care such as their immune system has not yet been developed, and infection of hepatitis B viruses, the virus can not be eliminated from the body, it will become Prime coexistence with the virus carriers.
Answer: because of the liver by viruses, alcohol, drugs, chemical substances, such as harm caused by liver cells of inflammation, injury, necrosis disease is hepatitis.
【Know how to can not have hepatitis? 】
A: The blood test blood GPT (ALT) values before we know has not received hepatitis. GOT (AST) values although it reflects the situation has not hepatitis, but sometimes even in the absence of hepatitis GOT value will rise, such as: myocardial infarction, such as muscle lesions. In fact, the general saying of liver function are the main means of GPT, GOT value of the test results. GPT, GOT value may not be consistent with symptoms related to high and low.
【Abnormal liver function, make sure you are Hepatitis B? 】
A: abnormal liver function caused by many reasons, B-type hepatitis but are just one of the causes. Other types of viral hepatitis and other causes of hepatitis can affect liver function, there is abnormal liver function should be further examination of various hepatitis virus markers to help identify.
【Drug eat more will not cause hepatitis? 】
A: There are a lot of drugs will be injury to the liver caused by hepatitis, that is, drug-induced hepatitis. Its mechanism has two, a dose-related, and the other is with the allergy-related, so it will not cause hepatitis varies from person to person.
【What is called fulminant hepatitis? And hepatitis B related to it? 】
A: fulminant hepatitis is one of the most serious acute hepatitis. Incidence of 2-6 weeks after the sudden deterioration in condition, causing hepatic coma, and finally leading to death. For any reason arising from hepatitis may become fulminant hepatitis, hepatitis B is of course one of the reasons why.
Acute and chronic viral hepatitis 【What is the difference? 】
A: Yes. Hepatitis C virus enter the human body can cause varying degrees of liver cell injury, that is, acute hepatitis, if hepatitis symptoms last more than six months, it is called chronic hepatitis. Therefore hepatitis to the length of the course can be divided into (1) "acute" and (2) "chronic" hepatitis. "Acute hepatitis" in the disease after one to two months will be a natural cure, and when symptoms of hepatitis, including hepatitis marker-positive (B surface antigen of hepatitis was positive), symptoms, liver function tests or biopsy pathology, continuous showed abnormal for over six months, we are called "chronic hepatitis." Chronic hepatitis may also histopathological changes of the different and classified as "chronic persistent hepatitis" and "chronic active hepatitis."
【What is called hepatitis B carriers? 】
A: The human body has the presence of pathogens, but when the show is called asymptomatic "carriers" (that is, "Healthy carriers" abbreviation). Long-term (such as six months, one year) when the original band called "chronic carriers." In cases of hepatitis B infection hepatitis B virus, could not in six months to exclude the virus from the body so that the virus in the liver of patients continue to produce, so blood tests continued to show hepatitis B surface antigen positive , but the clinical and asymptomatic (including a variety of tests and normal), it is called "chronic carrier", also referred to as "carriers." ( "Carriers" = "healthy carriers" = "chronic carriers")
【 "Healthy carriers" then what is it? 】
Answer: B hepatitis "carriers" Although asymptomatic, but the body continues to produce hepatitis virus, it can spread hepatitis B to others. B-type chronic hepatitis cases, symptoms have a blood test will also be presented hepatitis B surface antigen positive, but the habits are generally referred to "carrier" refers to "chronic carriers, there was no inflammation of the liver cells (liver cell damage), and blood testing asymptomatic GPT (ALT), GOT (AST) results of normal, and no cases of liver cirrhosis; the general public in order to make easier to understand, in the "carrier" in front of more "health" the word is called "healthy carriers", and these have symptoms of chronic hepatitis cases make the difference. "Surface antibody" positive, there are the body for hepatitis B virus who are infected with hepatitis B has recovered, and will not be infected with hepatitis B will not infection to others. "Core antibody" positive, express the past have been infected and has now infected with hepatitis B, and the meaning of that is to say, after hepatitis B infection has been cured and no longer infected with the body now has hepatitis C virus will be transmitted to others people who were core antibody positive will.
【Carriers is, how formed? 】
A: normal adults had hepatitis B virus infection, the vast majority of the virus eliminated from the body and heal. But have low immune function, as well as the newborn or child care such as their immune system has not yet been developed, and infection of hepatitis B viruses, the virus can not be eliminated from the body, it will become Prime coexistence with the virus carriers.
Testing and inspection
What is the antigen? What are antibodies?
A: Our bodies, in order to protect their own safety and health of their own bodies do not belong to the material or component - "external foreign body" and enter their own body, there will be excluded from these external foreign body movements. Ashamed of this action is called "immune response." These external foreign body called the "antigen" (antigen), and produced in the body in the fight against the antigen substances called "antibodies" (antibody). These antibodies, some are really able to stand against antigens of the body from these foreign object damage, such antibodies known as "neutralizing antibody" (Neutralizing antibody), because the body has the protection of ashamed to use, also known as "the protection of antibody . " But some on the do not have the capability. Antibodies exist, will only be a reflection, there are external objects continue to exist within our bodies, but can not stop the invasion of antigen, therefore, relatively called "non-protective antibodies." Hepatitis C virus-related antigens and antibodies, commonly known as hepatitis C virus markers.
How to be aware that they have no hepatitis virus antigens and antibodies?
A: The blood test can also be at the same time to do liver function tests and other biochemistry check.
Test set up by the private sector are not able to do all kinds of hepatitis marker test?
A: Yes, but bearing in mind that the accuracy of their test results.
Why unit testing in different hepatitis marker test done have different results?
Answer: because of the different units used to test drugs and test methods may be different, so some of the test results are different. If two tests have been separated for some time, they have may be due to infection in vivo there is a change arising.
Patients who have anemia, blood will not increase the anemia?
Answer: no. Blood because the blood test only 5c.c., and even if there is no blood, the physical body every day, all the blood 1/120 natural destruction of the blood volume out of them by the new blood by alternative, that is the life blood in the body is only 120 days, so blood tests are not going to anemia, everyone should be afraid of hematopoietic dysfunction are diseases such as: aplastic anemia.
Blood tests should be fasting?
A: If we only check the antigen and antibody is not required; but if the checks are triglycerides and cholesterol when the diet will have a great influence, so check before fasting for eight hours; As for ALT (GPT), AST (GOT) Although little impact, such as checks, but still fasting to do better to check in order to avoid interpretation of test results happened struggled.
Hepatitis markers check samples may be placed up to a few days? Over the period to check if the results are not there will be deviations?
A: blood after the blood samples to be immediately make centrifugal treatment, if the deal will not happen hemolysis. Centrifugal treated serum can be preserved for a longer period, subject to the preservation of frozen and thawed several times to avoid in order to avoid biased test results.
Can know how long after the blood test results?
Answer: The general many as three days to a week, but the test units and have different operating procedures.
Hepatitis A how to test?
Answer: A Hepatitis-related test, there are two: IgM-A hepatitis B antibody (IgM-anti-HAV) and hepatitis A IgG-A antibodies (IgG-anti-HAV). Blood tests can be.
IgM-anti-HAV and IgG-anti-HAV what the meaning of each?
A: Serum anti-HAV positive when expressed in vivo are already on the hepatitis A virus antibodies, usually only when the anti-HAV that are the IgG-anti-HAV, and IgG-anti-HAV positive when that person has been infected with the hepatitis A, and has been healed, and will not be infected with hepatitis A. If this time, IgM-anti-HAV were positive, they express the person in the last 6-10 months have been infected with hepatitis A - the most recent infection, not years or decades ago infection. Even if the patient is hepatitis have symptoms such as jaundice or serum GOT, GPT to rise, the more that this patient is suffering from hepatitis A hepatitis. Infected with hepatitis A after the first emergence of IgM-antiHAV, after the emergence of IgG-anti-HAV. IgG-anti-HAV will exist in the life of people infected in vivo, and has a protective effect, will not have to worry about from hepatitis A virus infection. After recovery there is no need to do regular blood tests.
Hepatitis A vaccine immunization and IgG-anti-HAV has what relevance?
A: The vaccination of hepatitis A vaccine will be produced in vivo after the IgG-anti-HAV, has a protective effect. However, whether life exists is unclear, the best regularly check their blood titer. If the titer is too low or disappeared, to be an additional vaccination.
Acute hepatitis A healed, regular checks are not required it?
A: No.. Hepatitis A occur after full recovery of hepatitis A antibodies, if the test has hepatitis A antibodies, the life of the hepatitis A immunization, so there is no need to do regular checks.
Hepatitis B-related hepatitis markers have what? What is the surface antigen (HBsAg), surface antibody (anti-HBs), core antigen (HBcAg), core antibody (anti-HBc), e-antigen (HBeAg), e-antibody (anti-HBe)? To decide how to test which are required?
Answer: B hepatitis have hepatitis markers: surface antigen, surface antibody, e-antigen, e-antibody, core antibody. Tests which are required, depending on the purpose of inspection and condition have different needs, depending on the disease by physicians to make a decision.
(1) surface antigen (HBsAg):
Hepatitis B virus has a jacket structure, including the outside of the virus core, which contains the surface antigen, can be found in the serum of patients.
(2) surface antibody (anti-HBs):
The body's immune system to the surface antigen produced antibodies, can be in and of surface antigen of hepatitis B virus resistant.
(3) core antigen (HBcAg):
Exist in the hepatitis B virus core particles. It can exist in the liver cells, but not detected in serum it, because it is wrapped in virus particles inside.
(4) core antibody (anti-HBc):
The body's immune system caused by exposure to hepatitis B virus core antigen produced antibodies. Can be found in human serum, as infected with hepatitis B virus evidence.
(5) e-antigen (HBeAg):
As a soluble protein can be released from liver cells into the bloodstream, it can be measured in the blood. It is the core antigen in liver cells after treatment with a special product. If it is found in serum e-antigen, is expressed in patients with liver hepatitis B virus in actively breeding, the highly contagious.
(6) e-antibody (anti-HBe):
The body's immune system after exposure to e-antigen antibodies generated, if the blood of patients with e-antigen negative and e-antibody positive, they usually express their lower infectious.
Before we can know how to have been infected with hepatitis B?
A: Generally speaking, the infection does not necessarily have symptoms, blood tests need to rely on surface antigen (HBsAg), in order to know whether there is infection. If it is found to have fatigue, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, jaundice and other symptoms should be immediately tested for blood GPT (ALT), GOT (AST) and HBsAg, in order to determine are not infected with hepatitis B. However, hepatitis A infection or other hepatitis will be like when the symptoms mentioned above.
Testing of hepatitis B surface antigen which method?
A: The most commonly used are three:
(1) RIA: radioimmunoassay.
(2) EIA: enzyme immunoassay.
(3) RPHA: reverse passive agglutination of blood.
RIA and EIA in which the cost of more expensive, but a better sensitivity. RPHA now rarely used method.
Titer test results are what?
A: Yes titer antigen express by check or antibodies in the blood level of concentration.
The results of the first inspection, surface antigen positive, e-antigen positive, three months and then check only the surface antigen positive, so what is the point?
A: if possible, improved. However, if the persistence of surface antigen for more than six months and e-antibody were positive, then become a chronic low infectious hepatitis B carriers.
Hepatitis B after recovery, we should not regularly inspected?
A: If disappearance of serum HBsAg, and the surface has produced antibodies, they do not need to regularly review.
Only to check the adequacy of surface antigens? Why is generally not the way to check the surface of antibody?
A: may be due to the cost of the relationship, so in general to check the surface antigen, if the surface of antibody-negative when doing inspections.
Surface antibodies and surface antigen at the same time whether it will exist?
A: There are possible. Check the general population, about 5 ~ 10% will have such an outcome. Reasons not clear, but the hepatitis B virus at least four subtypes could be different subtypes of surface antigens and surface antibodies at the same time the existence of the relationship. Also in patients with acute hepatitis B response period has there been such cases may be temporarily.
Hepatitis B carriers do not have the surface antigen may disappear? Is there any possible surface antibodies?
A: There are possible, but its a very small chance.
Core antigen, antibody-positive What is the significance?
A: The core antigen of hepatitis B virus are produced by a protein present in the core of the virus, so called core antigen. It is there that the virus in liver cells reproduce strong. Early infection of hepatitis B virus, was infected with the blood appeared first IgM core antibody (IgM-anti-HBc), followed by emergence of the core IgG antibodies (IgG-anti-HBc), whether it was cured or turned into chronic hepatitis, IgG core antibody will persist in the blood of infected persons, on behalf of who have been infected. Core antigen in the blood can not be tested, the core antibody can be tested.
Why is hepatitis B test does not check the core antigen?
A: The core antigen mainly in the liver cell nucleus or cytoplasm, while in blood, outside the core antigen has always coated surface antigen, that is the core antigen alone will not exist in the blood, it is not easy to check. In fact, serological test reaction surface antigen, surface antibody, e-antigen, e-antibody and core antibody as a check of the diagnosis of hepatitis B markers have been enough, so can not check the core antigen for the diagnosis of it is not affected.
Why sub-surface antigen and e-antigen, What is the relationship between the two?
Answer: B hepatitis surface antigen coat contains at its core contains e-antigen. Acute hepatitis B recover, their blood surface antigen and e-antigen will disappear. However, in carriers of their liver and blood cells with both hepatitis B surface antigen, when hepatitis B virus replication peak, liver cells arising from e-antigen as the virus will enter the blood stream, Thus the blood have e-antigen is highly infectious patients.
Surface antigen positive and e-antigen negative and surface antigen-positive but e-antigen positive has even between different?
Answer: The former Infectious lower, while the latter infectious higher, that is to say the latter is more easily transmitted hepatitis B to others.
Hepatitis B surface antigen and antibodies that are negative about?
A: If it is coupled with the core antibody is negative, it indicated that subjects who had not been infected with hepatitis B, subjects should be vaccinated.
Most people are not have to make regular inspections of hepatitis B?
A: Everyone in Taiwan need to do blood of hepatitis B examination. Not infected with hepatitis B should be vaccinated people the best, otherwise, should be ready to observe good personal hygiene, fewer injections, less blood transfusion, as much as possible to avoid being infected, of course, to regularly check surface antigen.
Why is hepatitis B markers were false positive inspection will be?
A: and inspection methods, procedures and personnel to do testing technology.
Cold will not affect hepatitis B tests the correctness?
A: The cold does not affect hepatitis B test results.
Hepatitis B patients with the families of the need for regular check-ups?
Answer: B-type hepatitis patient's family members should make regular inspections to determine whether hepatitis B infection.
Hospital staff have no need to do a good job in the first hepatitis B test? This would assist in the wound when the body has been a patient of blood contamination can be prevented for the time?
A: The hospital has the staff necessary to do a good job of hepatitis B testing, has not yet infected should be vaccinated must also pay special attention to safety and hygiene equipment to prevent infection. Vaccinated in advance to make the body produce antibodies, can be free from contamination by the patient's blood has been the site of injury B hepatitis.
Pregnant women after the first few months of pregnancy blood tests of hepatitis B the most appropriate?
Answer: any time after pregnancy blood test can be, but in order to tie in with the hepatitis B vaccination operation, it is best to do a good job in the past eight months pregnant hepatitis B blood tests.
Early pregnancy test and no hepatitis B when the latter are not pregnant should be tested again?
A: If the early pregnancy test results negative for surface antigen, surface antibody-positive when the test do not need to do. However, if the surface antigen and antibodies are negative indicates that there is no infection, so the best time to do an advanced stage of pregnancy test.
Early pregnancy tests have hepatitis B, but again the latter part of pregnancy tests, surface antigen were negative, this is why?
A: The possible carriers of the body surface antigen concentration has been reduced to non-detectable concentrations, but also for acute hepatitis may be the original and re-examine have been cured, then the surface will disappear and then the surface antigen antibodies.
If a child has been born, the mother had a chance to make hepatitis B test, how should I do?
Answer: can they take their children to clinics or co-hospitals, clinics vaccination to do to avoid being infected.
Mothers are hepatitis B carriers, the baby immediately after birth, the need for blood tests?
A: unnecessary. Even when a woman in the production of hepatitis B virus infection to the infant, born immediately after the blood tests to help diagnose newborns do not come out. In other words, babies do not need blood tests after birth can impose immunoglobulin and vaccination.
Pregnant three or four months had blood tests, how long after the need led to the seizure?
A: When do not have time to test the restrictions, but for the future operation of neonatal vaccination, preferably in the seventh pregnancy, eight months to do test again.
Done early pregnancy tests, trimester doctor also requested a review, what is the point of it?
Answer: It may be in order to determine when an advanced stage of pregnancy, B-type hepatitis infection in early pregnancy is different. This is also in order to make appropriate arrangements for hepatitis B vaccination to do operations.
HUAI check first child has hepatitis B, but a second child when the test results for normal and tests have been cured or have mistakes?
Answer: may.
Hepatitis C-related hepatitis markers have what? tests?
A: The testing of hepatitis C markers of hepatitis B is not so much, and only one, called the hepatitis C virus antibody (anti-HCV). The antibodies are not protective antibodies, and not only that but also express the human hepatitis C virus exist; therefore normal blood test hepatitis C antibody should be negative.
To donate blood when he was informed of hepatitis C antibody positive should be how to do?
A: It does not matter. Hospital and then find a reliable test once, occasional false-positive case happened. If it is determined that hepatitis C antibody positive, they have regular checks of serum GPT (ALT) values, and look for gastrointestinal or hepatobiliary Physicians regular follow-up, it is necessary to do abdominal ultrasound.
Blood tests may have hepatitis B surface antigen and hepatitis C antibody positive at the same time it?
Answer: probably. This means that the body at the same time you have hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus.
Hepatitis B carriers should be how long the review ㄧ times?
A: In principle, B hepatitis carrier, if the liver function normal, six-month review time can ㄧ. If abnormal liver function (for chronic hepatitis B), depending on the condition 1 ~ three months review time. In addition to liver function tests should also check outside A fetal protein in order to rule out the possibility of liver cancer, it is necessary, it must be to do abdominal ultrasound. Physician diagnosis and treatment of the actual situation should be to make a decision. (Please refer to the next question)
Acute and chronic hepatitis have to make time tracking checks how long?
Answer: (1) acute hepatitis have symptoms, physicians should follow the instructions, such as in stable condition after every 3-4 weeks review time by tracking the subsequent diagnosis and treatment of physicians as a decision condition.
(2) chronic hepatitis can be divided into two:
A. chronic active hepatitis, about once every one to two months treatment.
B. chronic persistent hepatitis, approximately every three to four months of treatment time, but the exact timing should be handled in accordance with physician instructions.
Liver puncture to check for the diagnosis of hepatitis B have no help?
Answer: B diagnosis hepatitis to liver function tests and hepatitis markers can check has generally understanding, but due to hepatitis B virus may lead to liver damage and the very significant differences in duration, and sometimes liver function tests alone can not totally reflected on the need to do is therefore to check liver puncture as a more accurate diagnosis.
Liver puncture to check for the diagnosis of hepatitis B have no help?
Answer: B diagnosis hepatitis to liver function tests and hepatitis markers can check has generally understanding, but due to hepatitis B virus may lead to liver damage and the very significant differences in duration, and sometimes liver function tests alone can not totally reflected on the need to do is therefore to check liver puncture as a more accurate diagnosis.
Hepatitis C antibody (anti-HCV) should be regular follow-up it?
A: If the normal liver function can be regular follow-up of hepatitis C antibodies, to see if it disappears. May indicate that if the disappearance of hepatitis C virus has ceased to exist in vivo has been. If liver function is still normal, you do not need regular follow-up of hepatitis C antibodies.
Mother, hepatitis C antibody positive and their newborns have blood tests of hepatitis C antibodies it?
A: after birth can be tested once, for about six months to one-year-old re-test the first time, if hepatitis C antibody negative, then after no longer tracked. In fact, mother-to-child infection of hepatitis C is extremely rare.
It was the home of hepatitis C antibody positive, other family members also need to check it?
A: All members of the family all the best test you, even though transmission of the family are very rare?
Are not everyone should be blood testing of hepatitis C antibodies?
Answer: because most adults, only 1 ~ 2% have hepatitis C, so do not need everyone hepatitis C antibody test. But if there are abnormal liver function tests should be hepatitis C antibody and hepatitis B surface antigen. Frequent contact with patients or their blood, the blood should also be regularly tested hepatitis C antibody.
Hepatitis D should be how to test?
Answer: At present, for the D test of hepatitis D hepatitis is only related antibodies (anti-HDV). This is the meaning of an antibody and anti-HCV is similar, so if the blood of anti-HDV-positive patients have indicated that hepatitis D virus that express the human infection with hepatitis D.
Are not everyone have to check the hepatitis D antibodies?
Answer: No, because hepatitis D virus is a defective virus, meaning that is to say, there must be a hepatitis B virus can be transmitted to help, only hepatitis B carriers will be required to regularly test hepatitis D antibody. In particular, are hepatitis B carriers in the original GPT (ALT) normal or stable value suddenly rise, should be tested are not infected with the hepatitis D.
Hepatitis E are test?
A: Although there are tests of hepatitis E reagent, but its correctness was not yet sure, still testing and development. Test method is also tested in the blood of hepatitis E virus.
Hepatitis E antibody (anti-HEV) has a protective effect on it?
Answer: E-type hepatitis antibody, according to research results is a protective effect, so as long as the blood of hepatitis E antibodies have not been hepatitis E virus infection.
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GOT (AST), GPT (ALT) - Liver function test
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Before we can know how to not have hepatitis?
A: The blood test blood GPT (ALT) values before we know has not received hepatitis. GOT (AST) values although it reflects the situation of hepatitis, but sometimes even in the absence of hepatitis GOT value will rise, such as: myocardial infarction, such as muscle lesions. In fact, the general saying of liver function are the main means of GPT, GOT value of the test results. GPT, GOT value may not be consistent with symptoms related to high and low.
In general, the liver index-GOT, GPT-express by what?
A: The use of this type of inspection, we can know that the liver cells has not damaged. In other words, to determine the liver cell has the absence of disease. We often hear of GOT, GPT (Glutamyl Oxaloacetic Transaminase, Glutamyl Pyrubic Transaminase) enzyme test that checks fall into this category. They sometimes also known as AST, ALT (Aspartate aminotransferase, Alanine amino-transferase), only a different name, in fact, referring to the same enzyme, so the meaning is the same. Generally speaking, these two enzymes, although not in liver cell enzyme Bennett and some other cells also have, but because their content in liver cells than other cells in the organ content of many, many, while the liver cell damage, we will these enzymes within the liver cells substantial release into the blood stream, by serum GOT, GPT enzyme concentration increased, so that they are representative of liver injury enzymes. Therefore, when the serum GOT, GPT concentrations increase when cells express the liver injury, liver is sick.
In addition, I would like to remind everyone that, not just look at the limited results of the surface of the figures, on casual examination to explain the results of the liver. Real liver disease experts, is a comprehensive examination of all the results of the liver, and understanding of each of the test containing the real meaning and connected with each other before we make a comprehensive assessment, not only GOT, GPT (the so-called ordinary people liver index, the error expression) make judgments on the level. Therefore I would like to suggest that Members and not for the GOT, GPT values on the surface change, and when the hi am worried, is not worth it.
Abnormal liver function are not necessarily the hepatitis B?
A: abnormal liver function caused by many reasons, B-type hepatitis but are just one of the causes. Other types of viral hepatitis and other causes of hepatitis can affect liver function, there is abnormal liver function should be further examination of various hepatitis virus markers to help identify.
Infected with hepatitis B virus, liver function abnormalities are not necessarily? Will not automatically recover?
Answer: not necessarily. Such as healthy carriers of the liver function tests are normal. Adult infection arising from the Metropolitan cured surface antibody, after which no further hepatitis B infection. Children and people with low immune function easily become infected carriers or chronic hepatitis.
A: Our bodies, in order to protect their own safety and health of their own bodies do not belong to the material or component - "external foreign body" and enter their own body, there will be excluded from these external foreign body movements. Ashamed of this action is called "immune response." These external foreign body called the "antigen" (antigen), and produced in the body in the fight against the antigen substances called "antibodies" (antibody). These antibodies, some are really able to stand against antigens of the body from these foreign object damage, such antibodies known as "neutralizing antibody" (Neutralizing antibody), because the body has the protection of ashamed to use, also known as "the protection of antibody . " But some on the do not have the capability. Antibodies exist, will only be a reflection, there are external objects continue to exist within our bodies, but can not stop the invasion of antigen, therefore, relatively called "non-protective antibodies." Hepatitis C virus-related antigens and antibodies, commonly known as hepatitis C virus markers.
How to be aware that they have no hepatitis virus antigens and antibodies?
A: The blood test can also be at the same time to do liver function tests and other biochemistry check.
Test set up by the private sector are not able to do all kinds of hepatitis marker test?
A: Yes, but bearing in mind that the accuracy of their test results.
Why unit testing in different hepatitis marker test done have different results?
Answer: because of the different units used to test drugs and test methods may be different, so some of the test results are different. If two tests have been separated for some time, they have may be due to infection in vivo there is a change arising.
Patients who have anemia, blood will not increase the anemia?
Answer: no. Blood because the blood test only 5c.c., and even if there is no blood, the physical body every day, all the blood 1/120 natural destruction of the blood volume out of them by the new blood by alternative, that is the life blood in the body is only 120 days, so blood tests are not going to anemia, everyone should be afraid of hematopoietic dysfunction are diseases such as: aplastic anemia.
Blood tests should be fasting?
A: If we only check the antigen and antibody is not required; but if the checks are triglycerides and cholesterol when the diet will have a great influence, so check before fasting for eight hours; As for ALT (GPT), AST (GOT) Although little impact, such as checks, but still fasting to do better to check in order to avoid interpretation of test results happened struggled.
Hepatitis markers check samples may be placed up to a few days? Over the period to check if the results are not there will be deviations?
A: blood after the blood samples to be immediately make centrifugal treatment, if the deal will not happen hemolysis. Centrifugal treated serum can be preserved for a longer period, subject to the preservation of frozen and thawed several times to avoid in order to avoid biased test results.
Can know how long after the blood test results?
Answer: The general many as three days to a week, but the test units and have different operating procedures.
Hepatitis A how to test?
Answer: A Hepatitis-related test, there are two: IgM-A hepatitis B antibody (IgM-anti-HAV) and hepatitis A IgG-A antibodies (IgG-anti-HAV). Blood tests can be.
IgM-anti-HAV and IgG-anti-HAV what the meaning of each?
A: Serum anti-HAV positive when expressed in vivo are already on the hepatitis A virus antibodies, usually only when the anti-HAV that are the IgG-anti-HAV, and IgG-anti-HAV positive when that person has been infected with the hepatitis A, and has been healed, and will not be infected with hepatitis A. If this time, IgM-anti-HAV were positive, they express the person in the last 6-10 months have been infected with hepatitis A - the most recent infection, not years or decades ago infection. Even if the patient is hepatitis have symptoms such as jaundice or serum GOT, GPT to rise, the more that this patient is suffering from hepatitis A hepatitis. Infected with hepatitis A after the first emergence of IgM-antiHAV, after the emergence of IgG-anti-HAV. IgG-anti-HAV will exist in the life of people infected in vivo, and has a protective effect, will not have to worry about from hepatitis A virus infection. After recovery there is no need to do regular blood tests.
Hepatitis A vaccine immunization and IgG-anti-HAV has what relevance?
A: The vaccination of hepatitis A vaccine will be produced in vivo after the IgG-anti-HAV, has a protective effect. However, whether life exists is unclear, the best regularly check their blood titer. If the titer is too low or disappeared, to be an additional vaccination.
Acute hepatitis A healed, regular checks are not required it?
A: No.. Hepatitis A occur after full recovery of hepatitis A antibodies, if the test has hepatitis A antibodies, the life of the hepatitis A immunization, so there is no need to do regular checks.
Hepatitis B-related hepatitis markers have what? What is the surface antigen (HBsAg), surface antibody (anti-HBs), core antigen (HBcAg), core antibody (anti-HBc), e-antigen (HBeAg), e-antibody (anti-HBe)? To decide how to test which are required?
Answer: B hepatitis have hepatitis markers: surface antigen, surface antibody, e-antigen, e-antibody, core antibody. Tests which are required, depending on the purpose of inspection and condition have different needs, depending on the disease by physicians to make a decision.
(1) surface antigen (HBsAg):
Hepatitis B virus has a jacket structure, including the outside of the virus core, which contains the surface antigen, can be found in the serum of patients.
(2) surface antibody (anti-HBs):
The body's immune system to the surface antigen produced antibodies, can be in and of surface antigen of hepatitis B virus resistant.
(3) core antigen (HBcAg):
Exist in the hepatitis B virus core particles. It can exist in the liver cells, but not detected in serum it, because it is wrapped in virus particles inside.
(4) core antibody (anti-HBc):
The body's immune system caused by exposure to hepatitis B virus core antigen produced antibodies. Can be found in human serum, as infected with hepatitis B virus evidence.
(5) e-antigen (HBeAg):
As a soluble protein can be released from liver cells into the bloodstream, it can be measured in the blood. It is the core antigen in liver cells after treatment with a special product. If it is found in serum e-antigen, is expressed in patients with liver hepatitis B virus in actively breeding, the highly contagious.
(6) e-antibody (anti-HBe):
The body's immune system after exposure to e-antigen antibodies generated, if the blood of patients with e-antigen negative and e-antibody positive, they usually express their lower infectious.
Before we can know how to have been infected with hepatitis B?
A: Generally speaking, the infection does not necessarily have symptoms, blood tests need to rely on surface antigen (HBsAg), in order to know whether there is infection. If it is found to have fatigue, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, jaundice and other symptoms should be immediately tested for blood GPT (ALT), GOT (AST) and HBsAg, in order to determine are not infected with hepatitis B. However, hepatitis A infection or other hepatitis will be like when the symptoms mentioned above.
Testing of hepatitis B surface antigen which method?
A: The most commonly used are three:
(1) RIA: radioimmunoassay.
(2) EIA: enzyme immunoassay.
(3) RPHA: reverse passive agglutination of blood.
RIA and EIA in which the cost of more expensive, but a better sensitivity. RPHA now rarely used method.
Titer test results are what?
A: Yes titer antigen express by check or antibodies in the blood level of concentration.
The results of the first inspection, surface antigen positive, e-antigen positive, three months and then check only the surface antigen positive, so what is the point?
A: if possible, improved. However, if the persistence of surface antigen for more than six months and e-antibody were positive, then become a chronic low infectious hepatitis B carriers.
Hepatitis B after recovery, we should not regularly inspected?
A: If disappearance of serum HBsAg, and the surface has produced antibodies, they do not need to regularly review.
Only to check the adequacy of surface antigens? Why is generally not the way to check the surface of antibody?
A: may be due to the cost of the relationship, so in general to check the surface antigen, if the surface of antibody-negative when doing inspections.
Surface antibodies and surface antigen at the same time whether it will exist?
A: There are possible. Check the general population, about 5 ~ 10% will have such an outcome. Reasons not clear, but the hepatitis B virus at least four subtypes could be different subtypes of surface antigens and surface antibodies at the same time the existence of the relationship. Also in patients with acute hepatitis B response period has there been such cases may be temporarily.
Hepatitis B carriers do not have the surface antigen may disappear? Is there any possible surface antibodies?
A: There are possible, but its a very small chance.
Core antigen, antibody-positive What is the significance?
A: The core antigen of hepatitis B virus are produced by a protein present in the core of the virus, so called core antigen. It is there that the virus in liver cells reproduce strong. Early infection of hepatitis B virus, was infected with the blood appeared first IgM core antibody (IgM-anti-HBc), followed by emergence of the core IgG antibodies (IgG-anti-HBc), whether it was cured or turned into chronic hepatitis, IgG core antibody will persist in the blood of infected persons, on behalf of who have been infected. Core antigen in the blood can not be tested, the core antibody can be tested.
Why is hepatitis B test does not check the core antigen?
A: The core antigen mainly in the liver cell nucleus or cytoplasm, while in blood, outside the core antigen has always coated surface antigen, that is the core antigen alone will not exist in the blood, it is not easy to check. In fact, serological test reaction surface antigen, surface antibody, e-antigen, e-antibody and core antibody as a check of the diagnosis of hepatitis B markers have been enough, so can not check the core antigen for the diagnosis of it is not affected.
Why sub-surface antigen and e-antigen, What is the relationship between the two?
Answer: B hepatitis surface antigen coat contains at its core contains e-antigen. Acute hepatitis B recover, their blood surface antigen and e-antigen will disappear. However, in carriers of their liver and blood cells with both hepatitis B surface antigen, when hepatitis B virus replication peak, liver cells arising from e-antigen as the virus will enter the blood stream, Thus the blood have e-antigen is highly infectious patients.
Surface antigen positive and e-antigen negative and surface antigen-positive but e-antigen positive has even between different?
Answer: The former Infectious lower, while the latter infectious higher, that is to say the latter is more easily transmitted hepatitis B to others.
Hepatitis B surface antigen and antibodies that are negative about?
A: If it is coupled with the core antibody is negative, it indicated that subjects who had not been infected with hepatitis B, subjects should be vaccinated.
Most people are not have to make regular inspections of hepatitis B?
A: Everyone in Taiwan need to do blood of hepatitis B examination. Not infected with hepatitis B should be vaccinated people the best, otherwise, should be ready to observe good personal hygiene, fewer injections, less blood transfusion, as much as possible to avoid being infected, of course, to regularly check surface antigen.
Why is hepatitis B markers were false positive inspection will be?
A: and inspection methods, procedures and personnel to do testing technology.
Cold will not affect hepatitis B tests the correctness?
A: The cold does not affect hepatitis B test results.
Hepatitis B patients with the families of the need for regular check-ups?
Answer: B-type hepatitis patient's family members should make regular inspections to determine whether hepatitis B infection.
Hospital staff have no need to do a good job in the first hepatitis B test? This would assist in the wound when the body has been a patient of blood contamination can be prevented for the time?
A: The hospital has the staff necessary to do a good job of hepatitis B testing, has not yet infected should be vaccinated must also pay special attention to safety and hygiene equipment to prevent infection. Vaccinated in advance to make the body produce antibodies, can be free from contamination by the patient's blood has been the site of injury B hepatitis.
Pregnant women after the first few months of pregnancy blood tests of hepatitis B the most appropriate?
Answer: any time after pregnancy blood test can be, but in order to tie in with the hepatitis B vaccination operation, it is best to do a good job in the past eight months pregnant hepatitis B blood tests.
Early pregnancy test and no hepatitis B when the latter are not pregnant should be tested again?
A: If the early pregnancy test results negative for surface antigen, surface antibody-positive when the test do not need to do. However, if the surface antigen and antibodies are negative indicates that there is no infection, so the best time to do an advanced stage of pregnancy test.
Early pregnancy tests have hepatitis B, but again the latter part of pregnancy tests, surface antigen were negative, this is why?
A: The possible carriers of the body surface antigen concentration has been reduced to non-detectable concentrations, but also for acute hepatitis may be the original and re-examine have been cured, then the surface will disappear and then the surface antigen antibodies.
If a child has been born, the mother had a chance to make hepatitis B test, how should I do?
Answer: can they take their children to clinics or co-hospitals, clinics vaccination to do to avoid being infected.
Mothers are hepatitis B carriers, the baby immediately after birth, the need for blood tests?
A: unnecessary. Even when a woman in the production of hepatitis B virus infection to the infant, born immediately after the blood tests to help diagnose newborns do not come out. In other words, babies do not need blood tests after birth can impose immunoglobulin and vaccination.
Pregnant three or four months had blood tests, how long after the need led to the seizure?
A: When do not have time to test the restrictions, but for the future operation of neonatal vaccination, preferably in the seventh pregnancy, eight months to do test again.
Done early pregnancy tests, trimester doctor also requested a review, what is the point of it?
Answer: It may be in order to determine when an advanced stage of pregnancy, B-type hepatitis infection in early pregnancy is different. This is also in order to make appropriate arrangements for hepatitis B vaccination to do operations.
HUAI check first child has hepatitis B, but a second child when the test results for normal and tests have been cured or have mistakes?
Answer: may.
Hepatitis C-related hepatitis markers have what? tests?
A: The testing of hepatitis C markers of hepatitis B is not so much, and only one, called the hepatitis C virus antibody (anti-HCV). The antibodies are not protective antibodies, and not only that but also express the human hepatitis C virus exist; therefore normal blood test hepatitis C antibody should be negative.
To donate blood when he was informed of hepatitis C antibody positive should be how to do?
A: It does not matter. Hospital and then find a reliable test once, occasional false-positive case happened. If it is determined that hepatitis C antibody positive, they have regular checks of serum GPT (ALT) values, and look for gastrointestinal or hepatobiliary Physicians regular follow-up, it is necessary to do abdominal ultrasound.
Blood tests may have hepatitis B surface antigen and hepatitis C antibody positive at the same time it?
Answer: probably. This means that the body at the same time you have hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus.
Hepatitis B carriers should be how long the review ㄧ times?
A: In principle, B hepatitis carrier, if the liver function normal, six-month review time can ㄧ. If abnormal liver function (for chronic hepatitis B), depending on the condition 1 ~ three months review time. In addition to liver function tests should also check outside A fetal protein in order to rule out the possibility of liver cancer, it is necessary, it must be to do abdominal ultrasound. Physician diagnosis and treatment of the actual situation should be to make a decision. (Please refer to the next question)
Acute and chronic hepatitis have to make time tracking checks how long?
Answer: (1) acute hepatitis have symptoms, physicians should follow the instructions, such as in stable condition after every 3-4 weeks review time by tracking the subsequent diagnosis and treatment of physicians as a decision condition.
(2) chronic hepatitis can be divided into two:
A. chronic active hepatitis, about once every one to two months treatment.
B. chronic persistent hepatitis, approximately every three to four months of treatment time, but the exact timing should be handled in accordance with physician instructions.
Liver puncture to check for the diagnosis of hepatitis B have no help?
Answer: B diagnosis hepatitis to liver function tests and hepatitis markers can check has generally understanding, but due to hepatitis B virus may lead to liver damage and the very significant differences in duration, and sometimes liver function tests alone can not totally reflected on the need to do is therefore to check liver puncture as a more accurate diagnosis.
Liver puncture to check for the diagnosis of hepatitis B have no help?
Answer: B diagnosis hepatitis to liver function tests and hepatitis markers can check has generally understanding, but due to hepatitis B virus may lead to liver damage and the very significant differences in duration, and sometimes liver function tests alone can not totally reflected on the need to do is therefore to check liver puncture as a more accurate diagnosis.
Hepatitis C antibody (anti-HCV) should be regular follow-up it?
A: If the normal liver function can be regular follow-up of hepatitis C antibodies, to see if it disappears. May indicate that if the disappearance of hepatitis C virus has ceased to exist in vivo has been. If liver function is still normal, you do not need regular follow-up of hepatitis C antibodies.
Mother, hepatitis C antibody positive and their newborns have blood tests of hepatitis C antibodies it?
A: after birth can be tested once, for about six months to one-year-old re-test the first time, if hepatitis C antibody negative, then after no longer tracked. In fact, mother-to-child infection of hepatitis C is extremely rare.
It was the home of hepatitis C antibody positive, other family members also need to check it?
A: All members of the family all the best test you, even though transmission of the family are very rare?
Are not everyone should be blood testing of hepatitis C antibodies?
Answer: because most adults, only 1 ~ 2% have hepatitis C, so do not need everyone hepatitis C antibody test. But if there are abnormal liver function tests should be hepatitis C antibody and hepatitis B surface antigen. Frequent contact with patients or their blood, the blood should also be regularly tested hepatitis C antibody.
Hepatitis D should be how to test?
Answer: At present, for the D test of hepatitis D hepatitis is only related antibodies (anti-HDV). This is the meaning of an antibody and anti-HCV is similar, so if the blood of anti-HDV-positive patients have indicated that hepatitis D virus that express the human infection with hepatitis D.
Are not everyone have to check the hepatitis D antibodies?
Answer: No, because hepatitis D virus is a defective virus, meaning that is to say, there must be a hepatitis B virus can be transmitted to help, only hepatitis B carriers will be required to regularly test hepatitis D antibody. In particular, are hepatitis B carriers in the original GPT (ALT) normal or stable value suddenly rise, should be tested are not infected with the hepatitis D.
Hepatitis E are test?
A: Although there are tests of hepatitis E reagent, but its correctness was not yet sure, still testing and development. Test method is also tested in the blood of hepatitis E virus.
Hepatitis E antibody (anti-HEV) has a protective effect on it?
Answer: E-type hepatitis antibody, according to research results is a protective effect, so as long as the blood of hepatitis E antibodies have not been hepatitis E virus infection.
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GOT (AST), GPT (ALT) - Liver function test
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Before we can know how to not have hepatitis?
A: The blood test blood GPT (ALT) values before we know has not received hepatitis. GOT (AST) values although it reflects the situation of hepatitis, but sometimes even in the absence of hepatitis GOT value will rise, such as: myocardial infarction, such as muscle lesions. In fact, the general saying of liver function are the main means of GPT, GOT value of the test results. GPT, GOT value may not be consistent with symptoms related to high and low.
In general, the liver index-GOT, GPT-express by what?
A: The use of this type of inspection, we can know that the liver cells has not damaged. In other words, to determine the liver cell has the absence of disease. We often hear of GOT, GPT (Glutamyl Oxaloacetic Transaminase, Glutamyl Pyrubic Transaminase) enzyme test that checks fall into this category. They sometimes also known as AST, ALT (Aspartate aminotransferase, Alanine amino-transferase), only a different name, in fact, referring to the same enzyme, so the meaning is the same. Generally speaking, these two enzymes, although not in liver cell enzyme Bennett and some other cells also have, but because their content in liver cells than other cells in the organ content of many, many, while the liver cell damage, we will these enzymes within the liver cells substantial release into the blood stream, by serum GOT, GPT enzyme concentration increased, so that they are representative of liver injury enzymes. Therefore, when the serum GOT, GPT concentrations increase when cells express the liver injury, liver is sick.
In addition, I would like to remind everyone that, not just look at the limited results of the surface of the figures, on casual examination to explain the results of the liver. Real liver disease experts, is a comprehensive examination of all the results of the liver, and understanding of each of the test containing the real meaning and connected with each other before we make a comprehensive assessment, not only GOT, GPT (the so-called ordinary people liver index, the error expression) make judgments on the level. Therefore I would like to suggest that Members and not for the GOT, GPT values on the surface change, and when the hi am worried, is not worth it.
Abnormal liver function are not necessarily the hepatitis B?
A: abnormal liver function caused by many reasons, B-type hepatitis but are just one of the causes. Other types of viral hepatitis and other causes of hepatitis can affect liver function, there is abnormal liver function should be further examination of various hepatitis virus markers to help identify.
Infected with hepatitis B virus, liver function abnormalities are not necessarily? Will not automatically recover?
Answer: not necessarily. Such as healthy carriers of the liver function tests are normal. Adult infection arising from the Metropolitan cured surface antibody, after which no further hepatitis B infection. Children and people with low immune function easily become infected carriers or chronic hepatitis.
Symptoms and course of disease
How to have acute hepatitis symptoms?
A: The symptoms of acute viral hepatitis, regardless of which type are all roughly the same, only a slight difference between the severity of it. However, we must know, many cases do not have typical symptoms, and only short-term discomfort only. Even without any symptoms and many cases.
When a person had a typical acute hepatitis, the body will suddenly feel very tired, not only do not want to eat, but also nausea, vomiting always wanted to. Usually enjoy smoking addicts will find cigarettes taste has changed, do not want the. Some cases there are three or four days of fever. Have symptoms a few days after, when these symptoms will soon disappear, the patient will suddenly find that the eyes and skin begins to turn yellow. This time, it will alert you to whether it had hepatitis. If you are a very careful person, in the jaundice has not yet appeared, you will find the urine become darker in color and become dark brown, like very strong tea of the same color. Fortunately, because of jaundice, hepatitis, you know may be obtained, you will find attending physician.
What are the symptoms of chronic hepatitis?
A: The chronic hepatitis patients, and often are not conscious of the symptoms, so often to do health examination, blood examination or because of other diseases and to do liver function tests, the only chance was found. Otherwise, as the symptoms of acute hepatitis in the under mentioned, when there are acute attack, because the symptoms of acute hepatitis has been found that chronic hepatitis is the acute attack. This time, it should make a careful identification of acute or chronic, because of acute hepatitis and chronic hepatitis in the prognosis and treatment are completely different.
I do not have anything uncomfortable, how can hepatitis B infection?
Answer: B-type hepatitis patients do not have many symptoms.
Often feel tired, are not symptoms of hepatitis B?
Answer: not necessarily feel tired from time to time there is a B-type hepatitis, the causes of fatigue too much.
Infected with hepatitis B virus, what symptoms? Its incubation period is?
A: chronic hepatitis B patients with no obvious symptoms of the majority. Acute hepatitis B or chronic hepatitis B patients with acute attack are often more obvious symptoms, such as: jaundice, gastrointestinal discomfort, loss of appetite, fatigue, general weakness, nausea, vomiting, right upper quadrant pain, brown urine, etc., sometimes have fever, joint pain, rashes and other symptoms. Justice of the incubation period of hepatitis B is about 45-180 days.
Hepatitis B will have a rash it? Fever it?
A: Yes, but not uncommon.
Chronic hepatitis B infection, and the serum e-antigen positive, why did not the symptoms appear?
A: chronic hepatitis B patients with e-antigen positive liver cells more vulnerable to injury (liver inflammation), but does not necessarily. Even if there is liver cell injury does not necessarily have symptoms. Therefore, chronic hepatitis is often by chance was found.
Acute hepatitis B can be recovered? Need how long? Prognosis how to?
A: In adults, apart from a handful into the death of fulminant hepatitis and chronic hepatitis can be cured outside the most. Infants and young children become infected carriers the opportunity to many. Long-term symptoms varies from person to person, but perhaps have healed in four months. Recover completely back to normal after the liver, patients have a lifelong immunity to virus.
Hepatitis B treatment the symptoms disappeared after a period of time, there is any good?
A: Only the symptoms disappear Can not count recovery, such as in the previous mentioned, there are many patients with hepatitis and no obvious symptoms, must be done Biochemistry and hepatitis markers in order to make the diagnosis to check if the chemical examination completely back to normal, and the surface antibody also After the operator can recover.
Infected with hepatitis B virus, liver function tests are not necessarily abnormal?
Answer: not necessarily. Such as healthy carriers of the liver function tests are normal.
Infected with hepatitis B virus will not automatically recover?
A: The adult infection arising metropolis cured surface antibody, after which no further hepatitis B infection. Child care and low immune function of human infection, it is easy to become a carrier or chronic hepatitis.
Acute hepatitis B surface antibody after the patients, are not life-long hepatitis B immunity?
A: No mistake by acute hepatitis B surface antibody after recovery, the will of life of hepatitis B immunization, will not be infected.
Acute hepatitis B will have sequels?
A: The majority of adults infected with hepatitis B will fully recover without sequelae. But a small number of people become chronic carriers or chronic hepatitis, the development into cirrhosis and liver cancer patients. Newborns and young children infected with hepatitis B virus, has a lot of people become carriers.
Long-term health with the original will not affect the outcome?
A: If it is a healthy carrier, it does not have an impact on the body. However, because of liver cancer is still one of the high-risk groups, so still need to make regular follow-up biochemistry, abdominal ultrasound and AFP protein in check in order to be able to have early detection of liver cancer when.
Why Some of the same family become carriers, and some did not it?
Answer: may be associated with each individual function of the body's immune system-related differences.
Health carriers may not have become a non-carriers?
Answer: usually healthy carriers are life, but has a small part of the long time has probably become non-carriers.
e-antigen, surface antigen on the body to what extent? Are not e-antigen has caused liver cancer more easily?
Answer: e-antigen and surface antigen of hepatitis B virus, only the structure itself, for human health and has no direct impact. e-antigen positive inflammation and thus more easily sustained more easily lead to cirrhosis, liver cancer, the opportunity to become higher, but it itself with the occurrence of liver cancer have no direct relationship.
Hepatitis B in pregnant women, the serum of e-antigen status, and its babies become carriers of what connection you have?
A: The mothers are e-antigen negative carriers, the newborn about 6 ~ 21% will become carriers; if mothers are e-antigen positive, its about 90% of newborns will become carriers.
Hepatitis B patients are not give rise to other diseases?
Answer: may progress to cirrhosis and liver cancer and other disease. In addition, while small, has also caused multiple nodular arteritis, kidney inflammation, and aplastic anemia and other diseases report.
Mothers have hepatitis B and neonatal jaundice are not related?
A: does not matter. If the baby has jaundice should immediately look for a pediatrician to identify its causes.
Acute hepatitis B recurrence after cure it?
A: acute hepatitis B have healed and the surface antibody, and no further recurrence.
B-type with inflammation or not to stay? Hepatitis B infection in pregnant women admitted to hospital for it?
Answer: B hepatitis treatment, in addition to the more serious cases, the patients (including pregnant women) do not require hospitalization. Patients should pay attention to adequate rest and sleep, a balanced diet, adequate exercise, and do not stay up all night, smoking, drinking.
Hepatitis patients should be drinking it?
A: The alcohol will increase the load on the liver, do not drink.
Hepatitis B patients are not able to work or take part in the banquet business as usual?
Answer: B-type hepatitis patients will be able to work as usual, but we should pay attention not to cause Stay up (on the big night and have enough rest during the day, except) and overwork. Hepatitis B patients can also attend the banquet.
B hepatitis and liver cirrhosis or cancer are not linked? How to evolve?
A: patients with liver cirrhosis in Taiwan 70 ~ 80% are due to hepatitis B virus caused. The main cause of liver cancer is hepatitis B virus. Long-term chronic hepatitis, especially active hepatitis, may develop into liver cirrhosis, and liver cirrhosis patients have about 3% per year into hepatocellular carcinoma (commonly known as liver cancer).
Living liver function and normal liver cirrhosis Why?
Answer: B or hepatitis C virus will stay in the body from chronic carriers with an infected person's life there is no absolute normal or not connected; these carriers of whether there will be chronic hepatitis also to their lives normal or not connected are no absolutes. Cirrhosis must happen after a long-term course of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, therefore happen before the liver function test results will be abnormal, but in case of liver cirrhosis, if the degree of alleviation or disappearance of hepatitis, liver function test results may be normal .
Acute hepatitis A will be transformed into chronic hepatitis it?
A: acute hepatitis A usually recover, will not become chronic.
Acute hepatitis C are not necessarily have symptoms?
Answer: not necessarily have symptoms, according to individuals and their disease severity and different.
Acute hepatitis C will not cause fulminant hepatitis?
A: The probabilities are low, but it will.
Acute hepatitis C frightening?
A: compared with hepatitis B are trouble. Because adults are infected with acute hepatitis C, about 60 ~ 70% of people are going to be chronic hepatitis C, and hepatitis B, they are very rarely. However, hepatitis B hepatitis visible trouble, please refer to item B hepatitis.
Heard of chronic hepatitis C patients with cirrhosis will become a disease? Also very susceptible to liver cancer?
Answer: not the case. Chronic hepatitis C patients after about 30% ten years later would become cirrhosis disease, and about 15% transformed into hepatocellular carcinoma. C-type chronic hepatitis B are more than easy to become chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis. About 30% of all chronic hepatitis C patients after ten years after the disease has probably become cirrhosis. Other person's liver function will eventually return to normal, and will not become cirrhotic patients.
Chronic hepatitis C patients should be how to track?
A: Chronic hepatitis C patients, at least once every three months testing GPT (ALT), to observe the changes in high and low values. Annual ultrasound examination and blood tests A fetal protein. If you already have cirrhosis, abdominal ultrasound examination and fetal protein A check should be shortened to once every six months.
Hepatitis D Hepatitis B will add to the symptoms of it?
A: Some B-type hepatitis patient's condition has been stable, while re-infected with hepatitis D will change its condition of instability and change. But on the whole, B-type hepatitis patients with hepatitis D plus, its future condition is not deteriorating everyone.
Patients with hepatitis B infection if hepatitis D, it is easy to become liver cancer?
A: So far, none has such a report.
Prone to acute hepatitis E fulminant hepatitis?
A: According to the report, if pregnant women infected with hepatitis E, the mortality rate to 20% higher.
A: The symptoms of acute viral hepatitis, regardless of which type are all roughly the same, only a slight difference between the severity of it. However, we must know, many cases do not have typical symptoms, and only short-term discomfort only. Even without any symptoms and many cases.
When a person had a typical acute hepatitis, the body will suddenly feel very tired, not only do not want to eat, but also nausea, vomiting always wanted to. Usually enjoy smoking addicts will find cigarettes taste has changed, do not want the. Some cases there are three or four days of fever. Have symptoms a few days after, when these symptoms will soon disappear, the patient will suddenly find that the eyes and skin begins to turn yellow. This time, it will alert you to whether it had hepatitis. If you are a very careful person, in the jaundice has not yet appeared, you will find the urine become darker in color and become dark brown, like very strong tea of the same color. Fortunately, because of jaundice, hepatitis, you know may be obtained, you will find attending physician.
What are the symptoms of chronic hepatitis?
A: The chronic hepatitis patients, and often are not conscious of the symptoms, so often to do health examination, blood examination or because of other diseases and to do liver function tests, the only chance was found. Otherwise, as the symptoms of acute hepatitis in the under mentioned, when there are acute attack, because the symptoms of acute hepatitis has been found that chronic hepatitis is the acute attack. This time, it should make a careful identification of acute or chronic, because of acute hepatitis and chronic hepatitis in the prognosis and treatment are completely different.
I do not have anything uncomfortable, how can hepatitis B infection?
Answer: B-type hepatitis patients do not have many symptoms.
Often feel tired, are not symptoms of hepatitis B?
Answer: not necessarily feel tired from time to time there is a B-type hepatitis, the causes of fatigue too much.
Infected with hepatitis B virus, what symptoms? Its incubation period is?
A: chronic hepatitis B patients with no obvious symptoms of the majority. Acute hepatitis B or chronic hepatitis B patients with acute attack are often more obvious symptoms, such as: jaundice, gastrointestinal discomfort, loss of appetite, fatigue, general weakness, nausea, vomiting, right upper quadrant pain, brown urine, etc., sometimes have fever, joint pain, rashes and other symptoms. Justice of the incubation period of hepatitis B is about 45-180 days.
Hepatitis B will have a rash it? Fever it?
A: Yes, but not uncommon.
Chronic hepatitis B infection, and the serum e-antigen positive, why did not the symptoms appear?
A: chronic hepatitis B patients with e-antigen positive liver cells more vulnerable to injury (liver inflammation), but does not necessarily. Even if there is liver cell injury does not necessarily have symptoms. Therefore, chronic hepatitis is often by chance was found.
Acute hepatitis B can be recovered? Need how long? Prognosis how to?
A: In adults, apart from a handful into the death of fulminant hepatitis and chronic hepatitis can be cured outside the most. Infants and young children become infected carriers the opportunity to many. Long-term symptoms varies from person to person, but perhaps have healed in four months. Recover completely back to normal after the liver, patients have a lifelong immunity to virus.
Hepatitis B treatment the symptoms disappeared after a period of time, there is any good?
A: Only the symptoms disappear Can not count recovery, such as in the previous mentioned, there are many patients with hepatitis and no obvious symptoms, must be done Biochemistry and hepatitis markers in order to make the diagnosis to check if the chemical examination completely back to normal, and the surface antibody also After the operator can recover.
Infected with hepatitis B virus, liver function tests are not necessarily abnormal?
Answer: not necessarily. Such as healthy carriers of the liver function tests are normal.
Infected with hepatitis B virus will not automatically recover?
A: The adult infection arising metropolis cured surface antibody, after which no further hepatitis B infection. Child care and low immune function of human infection, it is easy to become a carrier or chronic hepatitis.
Acute hepatitis B surface antibody after the patients, are not life-long hepatitis B immunity?
A: No mistake by acute hepatitis B surface antibody after recovery, the will of life of hepatitis B immunization, will not be infected.
Acute hepatitis B will have sequels?
A: The majority of adults infected with hepatitis B will fully recover without sequelae. But a small number of people become chronic carriers or chronic hepatitis, the development into cirrhosis and liver cancer patients. Newborns and young children infected with hepatitis B virus, has a lot of people become carriers.
Long-term health with the original will not affect the outcome?
A: If it is a healthy carrier, it does not have an impact on the body. However, because of liver cancer is still one of the high-risk groups, so still need to make regular follow-up biochemistry, abdominal ultrasound and AFP protein in check in order to be able to have early detection of liver cancer when.
Why Some of the same family become carriers, and some did not it?
Answer: may be associated with each individual function of the body's immune system-related differences.
Health carriers may not have become a non-carriers?
Answer: usually healthy carriers are life, but has a small part of the long time has probably become non-carriers.
e-antigen, surface antigen on the body to what extent? Are not e-antigen has caused liver cancer more easily?
Answer: e-antigen and surface antigen of hepatitis B virus, only the structure itself, for human health and has no direct impact. e-antigen positive inflammation and thus more easily sustained more easily lead to cirrhosis, liver cancer, the opportunity to become higher, but it itself with the occurrence of liver cancer have no direct relationship.
Hepatitis B in pregnant women, the serum of e-antigen status, and its babies become carriers of what connection you have?
A: The mothers are e-antigen negative carriers, the newborn about 6 ~ 21% will become carriers; if mothers are e-antigen positive, its about 90% of newborns will become carriers.
Hepatitis B patients are not give rise to other diseases?
Answer: may progress to cirrhosis and liver cancer and other disease. In addition, while small, has also caused multiple nodular arteritis, kidney inflammation, and aplastic anemia and other diseases report.
Mothers have hepatitis B and neonatal jaundice are not related?
A: does not matter. If the baby has jaundice should immediately look for a pediatrician to identify its causes.
Acute hepatitis B recurrence after cure it?
A: acute hepatitis B have healed and the surface antibody, and no further recurrence.
B-type with inflammation or not to stay? Hepatitis B infection in pregnant women admitted to hospital for it?
Answer: B hepatitis treatment, in addition to the more serious cases, the patients (including pregnant women) do not require hospitalization. Patients should pay attention to adequate rest and sleep, a balanced diet, adequate exercise, and do not stay up all night, smoking, drinking.
Hepatitis patients should be drinking it?
A: The alcohol will increase the load on the liver, do not drink.
Hepatitis B patients are not able to work or take part in the banquet business as usual?
Answer: B-type hepatitis patients will be able to work as usual, but we should pay attention not to cause Stay up (on the big night and have enough rest during the day, except) and overwork. Hepatitis B patients can also attend the banquet.
B hepatitis and liver cirrhosis or cancer are not linked? How to evolve?
A: patients with liver cirrhosis in Taiwan 70 ~ 80% are due to hepatitis B virus caused. The main cause of liver cancer is hepatitis B virus. Long-term chronic hepatitis, especially active hepatitis, may develop into liver cirrhosis, and liver cirrhosis patients have about 3% per year into hepatocellular carcinoma (commonly known as liver cancer).
Living liver function and normal liver cirrhosis Why?
Answer: B or hepatitis C virus will stay in the body from chronic carriers with an infected person's life there is no absolute normal or not connected; these carriers of whether there will be chronic hepatitis also to their lives normal or not connected are no absolutes. Cirrhosis must happen after a long-term course of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, therefore happen before the liver function test results will be abnormal, but in case of liver cirrhosis, if the degree of alleviation or disappearance of hepatitis, liver function test results may be normal .
Acute hepatitis A will be transformed into chronic hepatitis it?
A: acute hepatitis A usually recover, will not become chronic.
Acute hepatitis C are not necessarily have symptoms?
Answer: not necessarily have symptoms, according to individuals and their disease severity and different.
Acute hepatitis C will not cause fulminant hepatitis?
A: The probabilities are low, but it will.
Acute hepatitis C frightening?
A: compared with hepatitis B are trouble. Because adults are infected with acute hepatitis C, about 60 ~ 70% of people are going to be chronic hepatitis C, and hepatitis B, they are very rarely. However, hepatitis B hepatitis visible trouble, please refer to item B hepatitis.
Heard of chronic hepatitis C patients with cirrhosis will become a disease? Also very susceptible to liver cancer?
Answer: not the case. Chronic hepatitis C patients after about 30% ten years later would become cirrhosis disease, and about 15% transformed into hepatocellular carcinoma. C-type chronic hepatitis B are more than easy to become chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis. About 30% of all chronic hepatitis C patients after ten years after the disease has probably become cirrhosis. Other person's liver function will eventually return to normal, and will not become cirrhotic patients.
Chronic hepatitis C patients should be how to track?
A: Chronic hepatitis C patients, at least once every three months testing GPT (ALT), to observe the changes in high and low values. Annual ultrasound examination and blood tests A fetal protein. If you already have cirrhosis, abdominal ultrasound examination and fetal protein A check should be shortened to once every six months.
Hepatitis D Hepatitis B will add to the symptoms of it?
A: Some B-type hepatitis patient's condition has been stable, while re-infected with hepatitis D will change its condition of instability and change. But on the whole, B-type hepatitis patients with hepatitis D plus, its future condition is not deteriorating everyone.
Patients with hepatitis B infection if hepatitis D, it is easy to become liver cancer?
A: So far, none has such a report.
Prone to acute hepatitis E fulminant hepatitis?
A: According to the report, if pregnant women infected with hepatitis E, the mortality rate to 20% higher.
Infection and cause
Hepatitis A infection is, how?
Answer: A means of transmission of hepatitis are "oral infection," also called "fecal-oral infection", that is to say when to eat or drink by the hepatitis A virus pollution (the patient's stool) in food or drinking water will be infected with A hepatitis. We often encounter the source of infection are contaminated by fecal water, the poor sanitation in areas such as: Taiwan's remote or mountainous areas, the Chinese mainland and Southeast Asia backward areas such as sanitation are hepatitis A endemic areas.
Why is common to hepatitis A in some areas have regional happen?
Answer: because in some areas at the same time often have a lot of people eat or drink by the same sources of contaminated food or drinking water, which would cause regional happen. Such as hepatitis A cook, there is no way of escape defecation cleaned and soiled utility of the treatment of drinking water or eating food or when it will spread to places in the same meal of many people.
Care for patients with hepatitis A will not infected with hepatitis A?
A: attention should be noted that the general hygiene habits when there is infection. Incidence of hepatitis A patients before and after one week, the virus will be excreted in feces, and therefore deal with the patient's excreta should be wearing gloves, and should also wash their hands afterwards to prevent hepatitis A infection. The daily life of living, if able to maintain good general health habits, such as hand washing, not easy to be infected.
Patients with hepatitis A diet will be infected with hepatitis A?
A: No, because there is no saliva of patients of hepatitis A virus, but the patient's fingers, clothing may contaminate the virus and re-contamination to food, beverages, so better to be especially careful. Hepatitis B This is a concern there would be no.
Couple's sex life would be transmitted hepatitis A?
Answer: usually less, but there will still be kissing sex action, etc., and the patient's clothing, the body may be contaminated to the virus, or better to avoid.
General sexual infectious hepatitis A it?
Answer: less heterosexual sex, but sex between homosexual men is a higher probability of transmission.
Hepatitis B infection is, how?
A: can be divided into vertical transmission and horizontal transmission of two kinds:
(1) vertical transmission:
If pregnant women are hepatitis B carriers and e-antigen is also positive, 90 percent have the opportunity in the production process, will be transmitted hepatitis B to newborns, if the e-antigen are negative when opportunity for small, these cases can now be done by preventive vaccination. In addition, there are a few rare cases are infected through the placenta, and in this case there is no preventive vaccine efficacy.
(2) the level of infection:
a) contact:
Hepatitis B patients with blood and body fluids (saliva, semen, vaginal secretions, etc.) contain a virus, so when other people come into contact with such blood or body fluids from the skin or mucous membrane wounds and invasive infection. Such as sharing toothbrushes, chewing of food to feed their children, etc. there will be infection.
b) blood transfusion infection:
Hepatitis B patients to receive blood or blood products will be infected with the input. Now the medical use of blood or blood products are screened off by the hepatitis B virus to use.
c) acts or medical acupuncture, cuts the time of infection:
Incomplete use of disinfection equipment such as: needles, disposable, surgical instruments, dental instruments to do when medical treatment or to do acupuncture, eyebrow tattoos, tattoo will be infected.
Infants infected with hepatitis B, the main are infected by the father or mother?
A: The chances of infection from mother than from father infection big.
Early pregnancy test, hepatitis B surface antigen positive, but in late pregnancy re-examination, with variable surface antigen-negative, this is why?
A: The first possibility is that the body surface antigen and therefore reduce the concentration of test do not come out, the second possibility is that the original has acute infection and, later tests have recovered from acute hepatitis surface antigen and thus become a negative, but this latter case, the antibodies should be more than three months after the surface will appear. Another possibility is to test errors.
Which age group more vulnerable to infection of hepatitis B?
Answer: the same for each age group will be infected. Only in Taiwan, mostly in the past 15 years of age were infected, not become a carrier is completely cured and will not be infected. At birth, infancy and early childhood infection easily become carriers.
What does "high-risk groups"?
A: Have more people than usual chance of infection of hepatitis B were known as hepatitis B, "high-risk group." Such as engaging in regular contact with the blood of people: the blood bank and hospital laboratory staff, physicians, nurses, male homosexuals, people who receive long-term blood transfusion such as: blood disease patients to receive hemodialysis treatment, intravenous drug addicts with the original mothers of newborns, the immune system of patients have barriers such as high-risk group are people. High-risk groups should not have to check the body surface are antibodies, antibody if there is no surface when there is no surface antigen of hepatitis B should receive vaccination.
Carriers are not will be transmitted to others?
Answer: may be, but the extent of the difference. e-antigen positive carriers of the strong appeal, e-antigen negative and e-antibody positive influence of people is relatively low.
Carriers will be transmitted to the next generation? Will not produce deformed children?
A: Yes. Therefore, this is the Government in administering the causes of neonatal vaccination. But not their mothers are carriers and the production of deformed children.
Surface antigen positive, but e-antigen-negative carrier mothers can breast-feeding? With the original mother, the child also has accepted hepatitis B vaccination if it is possible to breast-feeding?
A: Yes. Breast-feeding does not increase neonatal hepatitis B infection, therefore, do not need their mothers are hepatitis B carriers without breast-feeding. Moreover, newborns have been vaccinated no problem.
Will eating infected with hepatitis B?
A: Food will not be infected with hepatitis B.
Hepatitis B patients on how to go deal with?
A: As a general knowledge of hygiene can be cleaned.
Hepatitis B carriers can be when the chef?
A: Yes.
Infected with hepatitis B, the diet and general life must isolate it?
Answer: no need for isolation. As long as the level of infection to avoid a variety of ways, then in their daily lives is not easy to hepatitis B infection.
If the home of hepatitis B carriers, how to eliminate the fear of family members?
Answer: To enable families to understand the mode of transmission of hepatitis B as long as they pay attention to not using the same toothbrush, razor, and properly deal with menstrual blood and bloodshed can be.
Which carriers will secretion of hepatitis B infection?
A: The carriers of vaginal secretions, saliva and semen have hepatitis B virus, but because of its low concentration does not cause infection in normal, but the virus at high concentrations will cause infection.
The sex life between husband and wife will be transmitted hepatitis B?
A: Yes, but in a normal husband and wife sex life, the mutual transmission of hepatitis B was low. Particularly in Taiwan, now adults as early as in childhood have been mostly infected with hepatitis B, so if it is not chronic carriers that play a protective role in vivo has been the surface of antibodies and will not be infected, so between husband and wife a very small chance of infection. As for the new generation of young people have been received hepatitis B vaccination and antibodies, so it will not be infected in future fewer and fewer carriers, will be less chances of infection. If the husband and wife are one and the other carriers are not antibodies, they should quickly accept hepatitis B vaccination.
Carriers with the opposite sex can kiss and have sex?
A: You can kiss can have sex, because although these acts are possible means of transmission, but the opportunity was small. However, these acts should be avoided have bleeding, such as oral mucosal bleeding caused by and so on, for other reasons please refer to the previous questions answer.
Carriers can marry?
A: Yes. Please also refer to previous questions answer.
Hepatitis B will be caused due to over-exertion?
Answer: no. No hepatitis B virus infection is not caused by hepatitis B.
The resistance of the body are not poor are more prone to infection of hepatitis B?
A: Yes, is not to be infected with hepatitis B, mainly related to infection, while the strength and physical resistance is not directly related to, but less than the resistance of the body more resistant to those difficult to generate antibodies, it has become easier with the possibility of the original.
Blood will be infected with hepatitis B?
A: The blood used needles, appliances are new unused and discarded after use, so blood will not be infected with hepatitis B.
Can hepatitis B blood to someone else?
A: No.. Because of hepatitis B patients or carriers have the blood of hepatitis B virus, blood will be transmission of the virus to others.
Hepatitis B patients or carriers should not have no restriction on the holders of certain jobs?
Answer: B hepatitis patients or carriers can not donate blood for others, therefore they can not make "career donors", the work can engage in any other.
Hepatitis C infection is, how?
Answer: C hepatitis infection are mainly through blood and body fluids (semen, vaginal secretions) and infection.
Hepatitis C through blood transfusion and infection will it?
A: Yes. Previous transfusion hepatitis C are the main infection routes, called "post-transfusion hepatitis C." However, since 81 In July, the blood donation center in Taiwan to go through the blood of hepatitis C antibody screening before blood transfusion used in, so the opportunity has since happened is quite small. Although the opportunity is very small, unnecessary blood transfusion is to avoid the surface as far as possible.
Some people never lost blood will be hepatitis C it?
Answer: yes. This case is called "sporadic hepatitis C" and its mode of transmission of hepatitis B transmitted the same way. In fact, C hepatitis cases, half are infected do not know how to come.
Hepatitis C patients will be able to donate blood right?
A: No..
Between husband and wife normal sex life and whether it will spread hepatitis C it?
A: General and speak little, but not absolutely not. Heterosexual transmission of sexual partners the more chance for a long time to increase.
Hepatitis C also have vertical transmission?
Answer: very little, but still need attention. In Taiwan the following year-old young people get hepatitis C ratio is very low, this can have to know very little vertical infection.
Food will be infected with hepatitis C?
Answer: no. Because saliva contains the virus rarely.
Hepatitis C patients are not required to separate go?
A: No.. Because of hepatitis C virus will not oral infection.
Hepatitis D infection is, how?
Answer: D must have hepatitis B virus, hepatitis can assist with infection, therefore, only infected with hepatitis D in acute and chronic hepatitis B and the carrier body. Its main mode of transmission has two: prostitution and intravenous drug addiction.
Why is prostitution be infected hepatitis D?
A: According to the survey, the Taiwan region of hepatitis B infection among prostitutes, while infection of hepatitis D has a ratio of 50%, than the general population of hepatitis B carriers of 3% is much higher, so hepatitis B carriers If they have the habit of prostitution, especially those who are frequent or regular to a different place, the infection rate of hepatitis D will be high.
Why do people tend to have drug users infected with hepatitis D?
A: There are intravenous drug users who are for hepatitis B carriers, the more than 90% will also have hepatitis D. Because they often share addict and disposable needles, so that each transmission.
Hepatitis E infection is, how?
Answer: E mode of transmission of hepatitis and hepatitis A similar, but also through contaminated food and water-borne, and its regional happen often, there are often many people infected at the same time.
Taiwan has never taken place hepatitis E pandemic?
A: So far, none has such a report.
Answer: A means of transmission of hepatitis are "oral infection," also called "fecal-oral infection", that is to say when to eat or drink by the hepatitis A virus pollution (the patient's stool) in food or drinking water will be infected with A hepatitis. We often encounter the source of infection are contaminated by fecal water, the poor sanitation in areas such as: Taiwan's remote or mountainous areas, the Chinese mainland and Southeast Asia backward areas such as sanitation are hepatitis A endemic areas.
Why is common to hepatitis A in some areas have regional happen?
Answer: because in some areas at the same time often have a lot of people eat or drink by the same sources of contaminated food or drinking water, which would cause regional happen. Such as hepatitis A cook, there is no way of escape defecation cleaned and soiled utility of the treatment of drinking water or eating food or when it will spread to places in the same meal of many people.
Care for patients with hepatitis A will not infected with hepatitis A?
A: attention should be noted that the general hygiene habits when there is infection. Incidence of hepatitis A patients before and after one week, the virus will be excreted in feces, and therefore deal with the patient's excreta should be wearing gloves, and should also wash their hands afterwards to prevent hepatitis A infection. The daily life of living, if able to maintain good general health habits, such as hand washing, not easy to be infected.
Patients with hepatitis A diet will be infected with hepatitis A?
A: No, because there is no saliva of patients of hepatitis A virus, but the patient's fingers, clothing may contaminate the virus and re-contamination to food, beverages, so better to be especially careful. Hepatitis B This is a concern there would be no.
Couple's sex life would be transmitted hepatitis A?
Answer: usually less, but there will still be kissing sex action, etc., and the patient's clothing, the body may be contaminated to the virus, or better to avoid.
General sexual infectious hepatitis A it?
Answer: less heterosexual sex, but sex between homosexual men is a higher probability of transmission.
Hepatitis B infection is, how?
A: can be divided into vertical transmission and horizontal transmission of two kinds:
(1) vertical transmission:
If pregnant women are hepatitis B carriers and e-antigen is also positive, 90 percent have the opportunity in the production process, will be transmitted hepatitis B to newborns, if the e-antigen are negative when opportunity for small, these cases can now be done by preventive vaccination. In addition, there are a few rare cases are infected through the placenta, and in this case there is no preventive vaccine efficacy.
(2) the level of infection:
a) contact:
Hepatitis B patients with blood and body fluids (saliva, semen, vaginal secretions, etc.) contain a virus, so when other people come into contact with such blood or body fluids from the skin or mucous membrane wounds and invasive infection. Such as sharing toothbrushes, chewing of food to feed their children, etc. there will be infection.
b) blood transfusion infection:
Hepatitis B patients to receive blood or blood products will be infected with the input. Now the medical use of blood or blood products are screened off by the hepatitis B virus to use.
c) acts or medical acupuncture, cuts the time of infection:
Incomplete use of disinfection equipment such as: needles, disposable, surgical instruments, dental instruments to do when medical treatment or to do acupuncture, eyebrow tattoos, tattoo will be infected.
Infants infected with hepatitis B, the main are infected by the father or mother?
A: The chances of infection from mother than from father infection big.
Early pregnancy test, hepatitis B surface antigen positive, but in late pregnancy re-examination, with variable surface antigen-negative, this is why?
A: The first possibility is that the body surface antigen and therefore reduce the concentration of test do not come out, the second possibility is that the original has acute infection and, later tests have recovered from acute hepatitis surface antigen and thus become a negative, but this latter case, the antibodies should be more than three months after the surface will appear. Another possibility is to test errors.
Which age group more vulnerable to infection of hepatitis B?
Answer: the same for each age group will be infected. Only in Taiwan, mostly in the past 15 years of age were infected, not become a carrier is completely cured and will not be infected. At birth, infancy and early childhood infection easily become carriers.
What does "high-risk groups"?
A: Have more people than usual chance of infection of hepatitis B were known as hepatitis B, "high-risk group." Such as engaging in regular contact with the blood of people: the blood bank and hospital laboratory staff, physicians, nurses, male homosexuals, people who receive long-term blood transfusion such as: blood disease patients to receive hemodialysis treatment, intravenous drug addicts with the original mothers of newborns, the immune system of patients have barriers such as high-risk group are people. High-risk groups should not have to check the body surface are antibodies, antibody if there is no surface when there is no surface antigen of hepatitis B should receive vaccination.
Carriers are not will be transmitted to others?
Answer: may be, but the extent of the difference. e-antigen positive carriers of the strong appeal, e-antigen negative and e-antibody positive influence of people is relatively low.
Carriers will be transmitted to the next generation? Will not produce deformed children?
A: Yes. Therefore, this is the Government in administering the causes of neonatal vaccination. But not their mothers are carriers and the production of deformed children.
Surface antigen positive, but e-antigen-negative carrier mothers can breast-feeding? With the original mother, the child also has accepted hepatitis B vaccination if it is possible to breast-feeding?
A: Yes. Breast-feeding does not increase neonatal hepatitis B infection, therefore, do not need their mothers are hepatitis B carriers without breast-feeding. Moreover, newborns have been vaccinated no problem.
Will eating infected with hepatitis B?
A: Food will not be infected with hepatitis B.
Hepatitis B patients on how to go deal with?
A: As a general knowledge of hygiene can be cleaned.
Hepatitis B carriers can be when the chef?
A: Yes.
Infected with hepatitis B, the diet and general life must isolate it?
Answer: no need for isolation. As long as the level of infection to avoid a variety of ways, then in their daily lives is not easy to hepatitis B infection.
If the home of hepatitis B carriers, how to eliminate the fear of family members?
Answer: To enable families to understand the mode of transmission of hepatitis B as long as they pay attention to not using the same toothbrush, razor, and properly deal with menstrual blood and bloodshed can be.
Which carriers will secretion of hepatitis B infection?
A: The carriers of vaginal secretions, saliva and semen have hepatitis B virus, but because of its low concentration does not cause infection in normal, but the virus at high concentrations will cause infection.
The sex life between husband and wife will be transmitted hepatitis B?
A: Yes, but in a normal husband and wife sex life, the mutual transmission of hepatitis B was low. Particularly in Taiwan, now adults as early as in childhood have been mostly infected with hepatitis B, so if it is not chronic carriers that play a protective role in vivo has been the surface of antibodies and will not be infected, so between husband and wife a very small chance of infection. As for the new generation of young people have been received hepatitis B vaccination and antibodies, so it will not be infected in future fewer and fewer carriers, will be less chances of infection. If the husband and wife are one and the other carriers are not antibodies, they should quickly accept hepatitis B vaccination.
Carriers with the opposite sex can kiss and have sex?
A: You can kiss can have sex, because although these acts are possible means of transmission, but the opportunity was small. However, these acts should be avoided have bleeding, such as oral mucosal bleeding caused by and so on, for other reasons please refer to the previous questions answer.
Carriers can marry?
A: Yes. Please also refer to previous questions answer.
Hepatitis B will be caused due to over-exertion?
Answer: no. No hepatitis B virus infection is not caused by hepatitis B.
The resistance of the body are not poor are more prone to infection of hepatitis B?
A: Yes, is not to be infected with hepatitis B, mainly related to infection, while the strength and physical resistance is not directly related to, but less than the resistance of the body more resistant to those difficult to generate antibodies, it has become easier with the possibility of the original.
Blood will be infected with hepatitis B?
A: The blood used needles, appliances are new unused and discarded after use, so blood will not be infected with hepatitis B.
Can hepatitis B blood to someone else?
A: No.. Because of hepatitis B patients or carriers have the blood of hepatitis B virus, blood will be transmission of the virus to others.
Hepatitis B patients or carriers should not have no restriction on the holders of certain jobs?
Answer: B hepatitis patients or carriers can not donate blood for others, therefore they can not make "career donors", the work can engage in any other.
Hepatitis C infection is, how?
Answer: C hepatitis infection are mainly through blood and body fluids (semen, vaginal secretions) and infection.
Hepatitis C through blood transfusion and infection will it?
A: Yes. Previous transfusion hepatitis C are the main infection routes, called "post-transfusion hepatitis C." However, since 81 In July, the blood donation center in Taiwan to go through the blood of hepatitis C antibody screening before blood transfusion used in, so the opportunity has since happened is quite small. Although the opportunity is very small, unnecessary blood transfusion is to avoid the surface as far as possible.
Some people never lost blood will be hepatitis C it?
Answer: yes. This case is called "sporadic hepatitis C" and its mode of transmission of hepatitis B transmitted the same way. In fact, C hepatitis cases, half are infected do not know how to come.
Hepatitis C patients will be able to donate blood right?
A: No..
Between husband and wife normal sex life and whether it will spread hepatitis C it?
A: General and speak little, but not absolutely not. Heterosexual transmission of sexual partners the more chance for a long time to increase.
Hepatitis C also have vertical transmission?
Answer: very little, but still need attention. In Taiwan the following year-old young people get hepatitis C ratio is very low, this can have to know very little vertical infection.
Food will be infected with hepatitis C?
Answer: no. Because saliva contains the virus rarely.
Hepatitis C patients are not required to separate go?
A: No.. Because of hepatitis C virus will not oral infection.
Hepatitis D infection is, how?
Answer: D must have hepatitis B virus, hepatitis can assist with infection, therefore, only infected with hepatitis D in acute and chronic hepatitis B and the carrier body. Its main mode of transmission has two: prostitution and intravenous drug addiction.
Why is prostitution be infected hepatitis D?
A: According to the survey, the Taiwan region of hepatitis B infection among prostitutes, while infection of hepatitis D has a ratio of 50%, than the general population of hepatitis B carriers of 3% is much higher, so hepatitis B carriers If they have the habit of prostitution, especially those who are frequent or regular to a different place, the infection rate of hepatitis D will be high.
Why do people tend to have drug users infected with hepatitis D?
A: There are intravenous drug users who are for hepatitis B carriers, the more than 90% will also have hepatitis D. Because they often share addict and disposable needles, so that each transmission.
Hepatitis E infection is, how?
Answer: E mode of transmission of hepatitis and hepatitis A similar, but also through contaminated food and water-borne, and its regional happen often, there are often many people infected at the same time.
Taiwan has never taken place hepatitis E pandemic?
A: So far, none has such a report.
Hepatitis Q and A
"Liver" and "hepatitis" What is the difference?
A: The "liver" is a liver disease (liver disease) is known, referred to, all the liver diseases are of a liver disease. Liver damage and should not exert a normal function when the liver is sick, that is, "liver disease", referred to as "liver." Common in Taiwan, when we saw a liver disease patients, perhaps it can be classified in the following three types of common liver disease in three categories: (1) hepatitis, (b) patients with liver cirrhosis or liver cirrhosis , and (c) Liver Cancer, as well as some less common liver disease. "Hepatitis" is a lot of liver disease in one category, which includes different reasons have caused all kinds of hepatitis. .
Why is the "liver" is called Taiwan's "national disease"?
A: Taiwan's chronic liver disease is mainly due to B and C caused by hepatitis. Taiwan-wide population, about 3,000,000 (15%) people who are hepatitis B carriers (including symptoms and have no symptoms), in addition to about 400,000 (2%) were chronic hepatitis C patients. Taiwan each year from chronic liver disease (chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis patients) and the death of about 4,000 people, ranking the top ten causes of death in the sixth place, cancer is the Home of the first ten causes of death, of which each year from liver ( cell) carcinoma of the death of about 4,000 people, representing those who died from cancer the first, can be seen for liver disease are the people in Taiwan a major threat to life, so the "liver" is called the "National Disease" also not be overstated.
Liver disease in Taiwan, what are the reasons?
A: The main reason for liver disease in Taiwan are "hepatitis virus", including A, B, C, D hepatitis B virus, hepatitis B and C viruses are the main reasons for chronic hepatitis, while alcohol and drugs, chemical substances is also the causes of hepatitis. Common in Taiwan, when we saw a liver disease patients, perhaps it can be classified in the following three types of common liver disease in three categories: (1) hepatitis, (b) patients with liver cirrhosis or liver cirrhosis , and (c) Liver Cancer. In fact, this three types of liver disease are each other, "has brought relations". In Taiwan the most common type of viral hepatitis B as an example, the initial patient's condition are acute hepatitis, acute hepatitis when there is no cure, it turned into chronic hepatitis, and then after a period of time, about ten years to a few years, the disease also on the period to cirrhosis, while a few more years to ten years, has finally become part of the patients had liver cancer. However, It all boils down to a series of patients because patients are infected with the B-liver caused by viruses, that is, the causes are due to hepatitis B virus infection. And therefore can be said that apart from some rare diseases, the majority of liver diseases are caused by the will of the etiology of hepatitis caused. So long as we give rise to the causes of hepatitis, and its evolution to understand the circumstances, we will be able to Taiwan perhaps the picture of liver disease, will be understanding.
What is hepatitis C virus?
A: The "virus" is a smaller than bacterial pathogens. "Bacteria" the size of the "micron, μm" (one millionth of a meter) to express, and the "virus" the size of the title of "nanometer (nm), nm (nonometer)" (1 of a billionth of a meter) to express, viruses, bacteria the size of only one thousandth. Virus should not use the traditional optical microscope to see, can be seen is a very small virus pathogens, and therefore necessary to enlarge the use of electron microscope to be able to see several千万倍. In the face of the earth has thousands of species of the virus exist, which have several particularly enjoy in the survival of liver cells is called "hepatic chemokine virus", because they make so sick liver cells, also known as "hepatitis C virus." Now we already know has hepatitis virus A, B, C, D, E and G six.
The Taiwan region of hepatitis A popular situation?
Answer: to three or four decades ago, the Taiwan region due to poor sanitation, so the vast majority of people already infected with the child when the hepatitis A. The most over the past two decades due to improved sanitation, the western plain area in Taiwan, Republic of China 68 young people born after the vast majority are not infected with hepatitis A, and now only down to region, due to sanitation and personal hygiene had not improved, so living in these areas, residents remained at the previous high rate of infection, but the government has since the start of 86 in the implementation of preventive measures in these areas.
Hepatitis B infection in Taiwan are what circumstances? Taiwan's population in the number of people who have once been infected with hepatitis B? The number of hepatitis B carriers?
A: The very serious. The past, people over the age of forty have more than 90 percent have been infected with hepatitis B, including adults, about 15 ~ 20% (about three million people) of people are carriers, but since the Government of the Republic of China 73 launched a nationwide hepatitis B vaccination policy, the new generation of carrier rate has been substantially reduced to 1.5%.
Taiwan's population in the number of people who are chronic hepatitis C patients?
A: Second-year-old rarely following hepatitis C infection. Second-year-old after the infected person increases with age, in the adult population of about 1 ~ 2% are chronic hepatitis C patients.
What is hepatitis D? Infection in Taiwan, how?
Answer: D are due to infection of hepatitis D virus hepatitis caused by hepatitis. Hepatitis D virus is called a "defective virus" virus, that is to say, such a virus can not survive alone, but must rely on other called "helper virus" together, the proliferation can be caused by infection. Hepatitis D virus that must be resolved by hepatitis B virus surface antigen, as its shell in order to survive, it must be consistent with hepatitis D hepatitis B, and that is to say, no there will not be hepatitis B hepatitis D . Taiwan asymptomatic hepatitis B virus carriers, some 3.2 percent of the carriers with hepatitis D co-infection. In the B-type chronic active hepatitis cases has this ratio can be as high as 20%.
When the liver have been aware of, they should go before the appropriate treatment?
A: The first public and private hospitals or clinics, it is necessary to find a liver specialist at the diagnosis and treatment, or directly to find specialist diagnosis and treatment of liver disease.
Hepatitis B is endemic during the period have problems?
Answer: B hepatitis throughout the year will be infected.
At the same time, a person may be infected with A-and B-type hepatitis it?
A: There are likely, in fact, some cases.
Whether Taiwan has the so-called "C-type hepatitis village"?
A: Taiwan region has a number of residents living in the Village of hepatitis C infection rate is much higher than the general population ratio (> 20% than the 1 ~ 2%), these villages is the so-called "C-type hepatitis village." According to the investigation of its mode of transmission and methods of use of non-injected with the hygiene.
A: The "liver" is a liver disease (liver disease) is known, referred to, all the liver diseases are of a liver disease. Liver damage and should not exert a normal function when the liver is sick, that is, "liver disease", referred to as "liver." Common in Taiwan, when we saw a liver disease patients, perhaps it can be classified in the following three types of common liver disease in three categories: (1) hepatitis, (b) patients with liver cirrhosis or liver cirrhosis , and (c) Liver Cancer, as well as some less common liver disease. "Hepatitis" is a lot of liver disease in one category, which includes different reasons have caused all kinds of hepatitis. .
Why is the "liver" is called Taiwan's "national disease"?
A: Taiwan's chronic liver disease is mainly due to B and C caused by hepatitis. Taiwan-wide population, about 3,000,000 (15%) people who are hepatitis B carriers (including symptoms and have no symptoms), in addition to about 400,000 (2%) were chronic hepatitis C patients. Taiwan each year from chronic liver disease (chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis patients) and the death of about 4,000 people, ranking the top ten causes of death in the sixth place, cancer is the Home of the first ten causes of death, of which each year from liver ( cell) carcinoma of the death of about 4,000 people, representing those who died from cancer the first, can be seen for liver disease are the people in Taiwan a major threat to life, so the "liver" is called the "National Disease" also not be overstated.
Liver disease in Taiwan, what are the reasons?
A: The main reason for liver disease in Taiwan are "hepatitis virus", including A, B, C, D hepatitis B virus, hepatitis B and C viruses are the main reasons for chronic hepatitis, while alcohol and drugs, chemical substances is also the causes of hepatitis. Common in Taiwan, when we saw a liver disease patients, perhaps it can be classified in the following three types of common liver disease in three categories: (1) hepatitis, (b) patients with liver cirrhosis or liver cirrhosis , and (c) Liver Cancer. In fact, this three types of liver disease are each other, "has brought relations". In Taiwan the most common type of viral hepatitis B as an example, the initial patient's condition are acute hepatitis, acute hepatitis when there is no cure, it turned into chronic hepatitis, and then after a period of time, about ten years to a few years, the disease also on the period to cirrhosis, while a few more years to ten years, has finally become part of the patients had liver cancer. However, It all boils down to a series of patients because patients are infected with the B-liver caused by viruses, that is, the causes are due to hepatitis B virus infection. And therefore can be said that apart from some rare diseases, the majority of liver diseases are caused by the will of the etiology of hepatitis caused. So long as we give rise to the causes of hepatitis, and its evolution to understand the circumstances, we will be able to Taiwan perhaps the picture of liver disease, will be understanding.
What is hepatitis C virus?
A: The "virus" is a smaller than bacterial pathogens. "Bacteria" the size of the "micron, μm" (one millionth of a meter) to express, and the "virus" the size of the title of "nanometer (nm), nm (nonometer)" (1 of a billionth of a meter) to express, viruses, bacteria the size of only one thousandth. Virus should not use the traditional optical microscope to see, can be seen is a very small virus pathogens, and therefore necessary to enlarge the use of electron microscope to be able to see several千万倍. In the face of the earth has thousands of species of the virus exist, which have several particularly enjoy in the survival of liver cells is called "hepatic chemokine virus", because they make so sick liver cells, also known as "hepatitis C virus." Now we already know has hepatitis virus A, B, C, D, E and G six.
The Taiwan region of hepatitis A popular situation?
Answer: to three or four decades ago, the Taiwan region due to poor sanitation, so the vast majority of people already infected with the child when the hepatitis A. The most over the past two decades due to improved sanitation, the western plain area in Taiwan, Republic of China 68 young people born after the vast majority are not infected with hepatitis A, and now only down to region, due to sanitation and personal hygiene had not improved, so living in these areas, residents remained at the previous high rate of infection, but the government has since the start of 86 in the implementation of preventive measures in these areas.
Hepatitis B infection in Taiwan are what circumstances? Taiwan's population in the number of people who have once been infected with hepatitis B? The number of hepatitis B carriers?
A: The very serious. The past, people over the age of forty have more than 90 percent have been infected with hepatitis B, including adults, about 15 ~ 20% (about three million people) of people are carriers, but since the Government of the Republic of China 73 launched a nationwide hepatitis B vaccination policy, the new generation of carrier rate has been substantially reduced to 1.5%.
Taiwan's population in the number of people who are chronic hepatitis C patients?
A: Second-year-old rarely following hepatitis C infection. Second-year-old after the infected person increases with age, in the adult population of about 1 ~ 2% are chronic hepatitis C patients.
What is hepatitis D? Infection in Taiwan, how?
Answer: D are due to infection of hepatitis D virus hepatitis caused by hepatitis. Hepatitis D virus is called a "defective virus" virus, that is to say, such a virus can not survive alone, but must rely on other called "helper virus" together, the proliferation can be caused by infection. Hepatitis D virus that must be resolved by hepatitis B virus surface antigen, as its shell in order to survive, it must be consistent with hepatitis D hepatitis B, and that is to say, no there will not be hepatitis B hepatitis D . Taiwan asymptomatic hepatitis B virus carriers, some 3.2 percent of the carriers with hepatitis D co-infection. In the B-type chronic active hepatitis cases has this ratio can be as high as 20%.
When the liver have been aware of, they should go before the appropriate treatment?
A: The first public and private hospitals or clinics, it is necessary to find a liver specialist at the diagnosis and treatment, or directly to find specialist diagnosis and treatment of liver disease.
Hepatitis B is endemic during the period have problems?
Answer: B hepatitis throughout the year will be infected.
At the same time, a person may be infected with A-and B-type hepatitis it?
A: There are likely, in fact, some cases.
Whether Taiwan has the so-called "C-type hepatitis village"?
A: Taiwan region has a number of residents living in the Village of hepatitis C infection rate is much higher than the general population ratio (> 20% than the 1 ~ 2%), these villages is the so-called "C-type hepatitis village." According to the investigation of its mode of transmission and methods of use of non-injected with the hygiene.
Common causes of abnormal liver function
In traditional Chinese medical concepts, if found to have fatigue and physical symptoms of anorexia, it will start to look for whether their own liver problems; or even most people who know their own once in abnormal liver function, it went to the pharmacy will buy the so-called "liver-chip," or taking some unknown "prescriptions"; and some people taking these drugs, but makes the addition of hepatocyte injury happened; the end of the day, I do not know in the end are their own liver problems, or medication caused liver problems.
Liver are the body is like a chemical factory, whose main features include albumin synthesis, immunoglobulin production, bile production and excretion, the clearance of pathogens and toxins, as well as the synthesis of coagulation factors, so as soon as liver problems, The above function will be abnormal or recession. But fortunately, the liver disease itself is a very high tolerance, because as long as the liver remained at about one-quarter of entities, we can meet the individual requirements of the work day metabolism. General clinical practice, the so-called "liver function tests" project, none other than the liver are used to assess the synthesis, excretion and detoxification functions; and the general public are most familiar with is the most important items GOT and GPT. Let us put aside in the GOT and GPT Chinese translation of the name, but the liver GOT and GPT are thousands involved in the metabolism of various substances the most important and most specific enzymes within the liver cells; happen if the liver cell membrane degeneration or liver cells themselves necrosis, which will allow the inherent existence of GOT and GPT into the blood circulation in the overflow. Therefore, by serum GOT and GPT concentrations of high and low, they can indirectly determine whether liver cells are being hurt and necrosis happened phenomenon.
General inspection by the GOT and GPT concentrations of the normal range are forty units in the following, in acute hepatitis or chronic hepatitis, acute fat deterioration, GOT and GPT can be abnormal or even as high as more than a thousand units; if in the follow-up examinations, the GOT and GPT is gradually decreased, and clinically it is represents the phenomenon of liver cell damage is gradually reduced, and even in some cases will fall within the normal range, this stage liver disease is called "remission." The so-called "chronic hepatitis" refers to persons suffering from GOT and GPT, in more than six months of follow-up, the ceiling is still above the normal ups and downs. Other liver function tests also include an assessment of liver synthetic function of serum albumin and prothrombin time (if the liver function, the prothrombin time will be extended) to assess the excretion function of serum total bilirubin to assess the detoxification function of the serum ammonia concentration; addition r-GT can be used not only to assess the phenomenon of liver cell injury is also a kind of alcohol or drugs for liver cell injury indicators; by serum alpha-fetoprotein concentrations of ups and downs can also be convicted of liver cell regeneration itself to what extent These so-called liver function tests in clinical practice does not have absolute significance of confirming the diagnosis, physicians must have to add a wealth of clinical experience, as well as the clinical symptoms and characterization only be able to sum up the full extent of liver function damage assessment .
If the first blood test GOT and GPT, found that its data showed abnormal, do not panic or be too nervous; as a result of examination in itself has some degree of standard error, perhaps coupled with some physiological and drug effects, and data showing "false positive" phenomenon (that is, individuals do not have the potential of liver disease); it is necessary at the appropriate time, and then tracking a check to determine whether the GOT and GPT is still abnormal. In fact, the vast majority of persons suffering from abnormal liver function do not have any clinical symptoms, but common symptoms of hepatitis are non-specific, which is none other than the general malaise, joint pain, loss of appetite, and sometimes just suffering from a cold like. And serious cases that may arise brown urine, as well as jaundice, but in chronic hepatitis and even cirrhosis may occur esophageal variceal bleeding, ascites, jaundice, hepatic coma, as well as the complications, and these complications are sufficient to enable persons suffering from hepatitis "put to an end . " In fact, the majority of those suffering from those who are in the liver do not know the reasons, the rule on the temerity to use the so-called liver drugs; therefore only lead to further understanding or to explore the causes of abnormal liver function, the liver is the proper way .
Abnormal liver function on the need to explore further lead to "abnormal liver function," What is the cause? In Taiwan residents living in its lead to the causes of abnormal liver function has four main categories:
1. Viral hepatitis: the present has been clinically confirmed viral hepatitis can have six: A type, B type, C type, D type, E and G-type hepatitis, including hepatitis A and hepatitis E, the main through the gastrointestinal tract infection, that is, by unclean drinking water and diet and infection, but will not suffer from chronic hepatitis derivative, and the individual can be life-long immune antibodies. While the remaining B-type, C type, D or G-type hepatitis injections are by way of injection or blood transfusion infection, including hepatitis B virus infection, there are about 15-20% will become chronic carriers, while the band the former has 10 percent of those will give rise to chronic hepatitis, and in those suffering from chronic hepatitis has 5% to develop into liver cirrhosis. According to the National Taiwan University Hospital for cirrhosis of those suffering from long-term follow-up examinations found that those suffering from liver cirrhosis have derived 7% hepatocellular carcinoma, and liver cancer is the top cause of cancer deaths. Therefore, B hepatitis prevention and treatment of the Taiwan region are a major public health issue. The Taiwan region of hepatitis C carriers, about 30 million people, the chronic rate is as high as 60 percent, but also the formation of liver cirrhosis and liver cancer, one of the most common causes. Hepatitis D, must at the same time or duplicate infection in hepatitis B carriers who, while hepatitis B carriers once infected with hepatitis D will also add to the deterioration of the original liver disease.
2. Alcoholic liver disease: in foreign countries, alcohol lead to abnormal liver function are the main reason; In recent years, due to the economic prosperity of Units bends, people drink entertainment opportunities also increased, clinically it has no lack of long-term drinking which led to liver function abnormalities were suffering from. Alcohol abuse caused by alcohol-induced liver disease, at the initial stage of "fatty liver" pattern emerged (abnormal accumulation of fat particles in the liver cytoplasm of the phenomenon), later appeared in lobular liver cell damage in inflammatory cells, and to enter the alcoholic phase of hepatitis; in alcoholic liver disease, the late, due to a large number of cell necrosis and collagen fibers have been admitted, causing liver cirrhosis can not be entered back stage.
3. Drug-induced hepatitis: 90% of the drugs to metabolism in the liver, while long-term use of certain drugs may also cause mild liver cell damage, let alone the people have the habit of taking random; Therefore, clinically it is there are a large number of drug-induced hepatitis.
4. Fatty liver: ultrasound diagnosis of fatty liver are the most accurate tool, but only 20% of those who suffer from fatty liver are abnormal liver function; therefore similar for some who suffer from fatty liver, such as obesity, alcoholism, hypertriglyceridemia, diabetes, lack of over-nutrition, chronic heart failure and so on, may wish to recommend that its further ultrasound scan, with a view to screening out the potential of fatty liver.
Speaking from hepatitis A
In people living in Taiwan, if once found to have abnormal liver function of the phenomenon (the so-called hepatitis), then we must first consider the factors is "viral." Currently in clinical hepatitis have been identified, including hepatitis A has, B-type hepatitis, C hepatitis, D hepatitis, E-type hepatitis, G hepatitis, as well as post-transfusion hepatitis (transfusion-transmitted hepatitis, TTH); Although these so-called "hepatic chemokine virus" (mainly lead to liver cell injury induced by the virus itself) in the characterization of clinical symptoms, there are many similar places, but the prevalence of pathology, immunology, the etiology as well as physiological anatomy study will have different specific place, but from an understanding of each different clinical pathology of viral hepatitis in primary health care on preventive health care to be able to do a good job.
Hepatitis A virus is classified as enterovirus 72, is a small virus Branch, the diameter of about 27nm, it is an RNA virus, are the sole human host. Once infected with hepatitis A after incubation in 15-50 days (average 28-30 days), mainly by the fecal - oral transmission, so the onset of symptoms before one or two weeks can be in the stool in looking for a hepatitis A virus-like particles; happen again abnormal liver function or symptoms, the virus excretion from the feces, however, reduced, at which point the individual will gradually suffer from hepatitis A have corresponding antibodies, certain explosive Hepatitis A large popular places, mainly derived from contamination of drinking water, eating raw seafood, as well as cold food, and rarely by non-gastrointestinal infection of the blood channels.
In developing countries the health of the adult population groups, and individual themselves in a hepatitis A antibodies exist in these places rarely happen Hepatitis A pandemic. In recent years, the improvement of environmental hygiene. People for hepatitis A infection rates reduced, thus making the outbreak of hepatitis A prevalence increased; in the country has developed most of the cancer exists in the nursery, the home has acute hepatitis infection, hepatitis A to the popular tourist areas, even improper intravenous drug injectors.
In Taiwan, 72 years to explore the epidemiology, we found the age group of hepatitis A infection rates have decreased year by year, and even found that children below the age of 10 have not yet have the vast majority of hepatitis A virus antibodies, has not yet been infected have hepatitis A virus, that is, at any time will be subject to its hepatitis A viruses, so children of this age group has the necessary recommendations of its acceptance of hepatitis A vaccination.
In acute or recent hepatitis A virus infection, we can through the serum hepatitis A virus detected in the IgM immunoglobulin to determine the acute hepatitis A virus infection, which can hold such IgM globulin from patients with the serum for about 4-6 weeks; also through large-scale epidemiological evidence to confirm the diagnosis of hepatitis A virus exist; but in the epidemiological point of view, A hepatitis E virus and acute type easy hepatitis C virus confused.
Hepatitis B virus concept today
The basis of epidemiological evidence to explore the world each year has more than 500,000 people died of "liver cancer" and has up to 80% of liver cancer hundred are from "chronic hepatitis B virus" caused by; in chronic B infection hepatitis 400 million population, has 75% are in Asia, including mainland China and Taiwan is the world's hepatitis B and liver cancer population groups most areas. Therefore, the data show the following results:
■ Chinese mainland are chronic hepatitis B virus (Hepatitis B Virus, HBV) and the highest prevalence
Area, all over the world for more than one-third of the hepatitis B virus carriers are in mainland China (about 2000 million
10000-130000000 of hepatitis B carriers).
■ in the Taiwan region with chronic hepatitis B virus infection prevalence of the total population of 15 ~ 20%, it is estimated that
Three million people are hepatitis B carriers.
■ Korea estimated 2250000-2270000 of hepatitis B carriers.
■ In India, an estimated 34 million of hepatitis B carriers.
■ In Singapore, the chronic hepatitis B virus infection prevalence was 4%, an estimated 150,000 people with hepatitis B
From the original.
■ in the Philippines with chronic HIV infection prevalence rate of 5 ~ 16%.
■ in Thailand with chronic HIV infection prevalence rate of 3 ~ 6%, it is estimated that three million people have are B -
Hepatitis carriers.
■ in Hong Kong infected with chronic HIV infection prevalence of 8.8%, it is estimated that 700,000 of the population has
Are hepatitis B carriers.
■ In the United States have more than one million people are infected with chronic hepatitis B each year has more than 5000 people died of B-type liver
Inflammation, as well as hepatitis B-related complications.
The Taiwan region of hepatitis B virus are high-prevalence areas, over 30 years of age in a healthy population group in Taiwan, B-type hepatitis C virus infection has nearly 15-20% (about three million people are hepatitis B carriers) , and with hepatitis B virus is closely related to the hepatocellular carcinoma, also accounting for the top ten people of the first leading cause of cancer deaths, while the top ten causes of death in people of sixth place on the chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis, with chronic hepatitis B virus infection and therefore for Hepatitis B awareness and prevention in Taiwan are the largest public health prevention and treatment of one of the topics.
Hepatitis B virus is a DNA virus, its diameter of about 42nm, the diameter of its core antibody in the 27nm, while the periphery of the core was another special lipoprotein envelope (or envelope or jacket) surrounded, called hepatitis B surface antigen from hepatitis B surface antigen phenotype of different antigens can be hepatitis B virus is divided into four different subtypes, and different subtypes also have their special characteristics of the geographical distribution, rather than pain subtypes can also happen as each other to protect the role of the immune interaction; but not from clinical symptoms to determine which subtype infection.
In addition to the core antigen and surface antigen, the most important thing is to e antigen, if the serum has the existence of e antigen and its clinical hepatitis B also indicated that Law is highly poisonous highly infected, but if the emergence of e antibodies, selective relative influence is also reduced, but that does not mean there is no appeal; In addition, the first issued by the serum of hepatitis B virus DNA also indicated that the virus itself has a higher activity and fecundity; Therefore, if maternal carriers belonging to e antigen positive, selective formation of the newborn in future carrier probability as high as 90%.
Hepatitis B virus can be parasitic in humans and belongs to a long age of the individual categories of the orangutan, its excretion through the body might have been secondarily infected, including blood, saliva, semen and vaginal secretion, mainly by injection injection (intravenous injection, intramuscular, subcutaneous or intradermal injection), the mucosa damaged skin (the accident was contaminated needles to bar), perinatal infection, as well as means of sexual contact and infection; Therefore, any blood transfusion products such as the injection of whole blood, serum, platelet , serum fiber million, concentrated red blood cells blood products, etc. If we do not, after screening for hepatitis B surface antigen, hepatitis B is a high prevalence area in South-East Asia and the Far East, the main mode of transmission is perinatal transmission, that is, B hepatitis B surface antigen positive, and even e antigen-positive mothers of newborns are born from hepatitis B carriers in high-risk groups; and abroad, B hepatitis is classified as "sex-communicable diseases", which primarily through intimate sexual behavior among homosexual transmission, while a small number of infected persons through sharing toothbrushes and razor blades have been infected.
Hepatitis B virus incubation period is usually in the 45-180 days (average 60-90 days), the main by the virus quantity, mode of transmission, as well as host resistance, and different incubation periods.
Although hepatitis B virus all over the world, but its main prevalent in Africa and Asia, and the main infected infants and young children, while in South America are mainly infected with the young people; While in Asia, B hepatitis carrier rate in between 10-20%, but in each is only between 0.2-0.9%, while in the United States population groups in hepatitis B antibody-positive rate is only 5%, while the vast majority exist in the long-term intravenous drug injection addiction De, multiple sexual partners of heterosexual, male homosexual, host, or working in institutions, as well as hemodialysis patients or medical center staff.
Suffering from hepatitis B also occur in cases of death, the mortality rate at about 1%. If the hepatitis B surface antigen in serum continued to hold more than six months, it can be called hepatitis B virus "chronic carriers" and the carrier itself does not necessarily have a clinical history of hepatitis, which may have three one once the carrier has the phenomenon of abnormal liver function (GOT and GPT and the abnormal rise); and carriers of the liver biopsy, perhaps just a normal, perhaps also chronic hepatitis B Characterization , although a few may have also seen signs of hepatitis and liver cirrhosis. Explore the basis of epidemiological evidence, found all over the world who suffer from liver cancer, 80% were hepatitis B surface antigen positive, while the "B-type hepatitis C virus" in the human carcinogenic role, also second only to "smoke tobacco. " In clinical diagnosis, we can detect by serum hepatitis B surface antigen positive or not, to determine whether the individual is the hepatitis B virus carriers; In addition, serum also can detect whether there are B - hepatitis virus DNA, to assess whether active virus replication period; and in hepatitis B virus serum markers, including three antigen-antibody system, which has B-surface antigen and antibody, B hepatitis B e antigen and antibody ; in which hepatitis B core antigen, the market in general testing centers can detect the corresponding antigen or antibody. Which hepatitis B antigen in clinical symptoms after a few weeks can be detected; and natural history of infection, B-type hepatitis B surface antigen in the recovery phase when the concentration will decrease or even disappear, if in six months more than a view still persists in the serum, it means that infected individuals will become chronic carriers (and once with the original, life-long with the original). As for hepatitis B core antibody in the pathogenesis of view will appear, and life-long existence, the existence of such serum markers, mainly express the individual is or has been infected with hepatitis B virus; It also can detect cancer of serum hepatitis B core antibody IgM globulin, to determine whether individuals suffering from "acute B hepatitis."
In addition, according to AXA National Cheng Kung University Hospital and hospitals in their common for hepatitis B carriers of the long-term follow-up study, the preliminary findings of chronic hepatitis B, another "carcinogenic mechanism," and are called " Pre-S mutant protein "has been associated; their research that if the hepatitis B carriers with such a special mutant protein, then its in a decade into the chances of liver cancer as much as 56 percent, the cancer machine rate is not a "mutant protein" of 3.5 times. In the study also pointed out that have Pre-S mutant protein of hepatitis B carriers in the decade of the long-term follow-up screening in the incidence of liver cancer as much as 56 percent, while continuing to follow-up after fifteen years the proportion of more raised to 65 percent, while the ratio did not Pre-S mutant protein 3.5 times higher; However, according to their research, however, pointed out that the liver only suffer from the "Pre-S mutant protein," the incidence of only 6%, seven into rather than 100% (which may also show that Pre-S mutant protein, the existence of the specific diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma is not very high). According to the researchers claim that as a result of hepatitis B virus mutations would have been in order to evade the human immune system attacks, while the Pre-S mutant protein would lead to chromosome instability, as well as its DNA damage and precancerous changes occur, which in turn leads "liver." According to the research data show that, two, three-year-old about liver B carriers, only 3-5% with Pre-S mutant protein, but after forty-year-old, Pre-S mutant protein, the ratio rose to 24 ~ 40%. In short, B liver with the original must be early treatment to avoid the "Pre-S mutant protein" generation, in turn derived from liver cirrhosis or even liver cancer. Since then, in the next three years China Wei Yuan and the Department of Health who will conduct the 2000 hepatitis B carriers of the study, hope to further determine the "Pre-S mutant protein" can be such as alpha-fetoprotein (α-fetoprotein ), as in clinical screening to become a "hepatocellular carcinoma" special "serum markers" or as the progression of the disease-specific treatment targets, this is also happy to see by the clinicians. (2004/09/10)
Hepatitis B virus has been the marginalization of chronic viral hepatitis-C hepatitis virus
Foreword
Prior to 1989, a group of chronic hepatitis were classified as "non-A non-B hepatitis", mainly because this group of chronic hepatitis has been excluded by the hepatitis A virus, B-type hepatitis virus as well as other common hepatitis virus giant cells such as virus and EB virus, or even caused by drugs or alcohol hepatitis; as a result of these "non-A non-B hepatitis," the vast majority are infected through blood transfusion after, and therefore also known as the "post-transfusion hepatitis," . Until 1989 the United States Karen (Chiron) companies Zhu (Choo) and Kuo (Kuo) the two researchers found that "non-A non-B hepatitis," the main virus RNA genome for the virus-like particles, and the official called " Hepatitis C virus "(Hepatitis C Virus). Basically, with the neonatal hepatitis B vaccine coverage overall, the Taiwan region of hepatitis B carrier rate is bound to decline year after year, it can predict the future of hepatitis C will replace the hepatitis B become the mainstream of chronic hepatitis in Taiwan.
Epidemiology
Hepatitis C virus, yellow fever virus belongs to Branch, the human as its main host, and in the laboratory can also be infected chimpanzees. Hepatitis C virus and A-and D-type hepatitis C virus is the same RNA (RNA) virus, the virus size is about 30 ~ 50 nm (nm = 1/10000000 mm) than the A-and D-type virus is slightly large, the incubation period is about 1 ~ five months (an average of 1.5 ~ 2.0 months) than the hepatitis B incubation period longer.
According to RNA series of studies, C genotype of hepatitis can be divided into six genotypes and more than 100 kinds of the above subtypes, of which there are four genotypes of hepatitis C are the main types of patients. Based on Okamoto's classification of four types are known as I, II, III and IV type. In the United States 70% of the hepatitis C virus genotype are type Ia and Ib-type, while the other 30% are type II and III. In Taiwan, while type II accounted for most (about 73%), and the remaining type-III and IV each accounted for 13% and 11%, and about 3% for the mixed type, I type is very rare. According to clinical experience, interferon for type III and type IV is more effective, while for type II and I-effect of poor, different genotypes have different clinical course as well as the specific antigen and hepatitis C makes the natural course of disease have different prognosis ; Therefore, before the use of interferon to detect hepatitis C genotype is the most specific.
In recent years, the "polymerase chain reaction" (PCR) examination of molecular technology, which detect blood of hepatitis C virus nucleic acid (HCV RNA) the existence of hepatitis C virus, making the structure more clear. Global hepatitis C virus infection rate of about 0.5 ~ 1.5 between the (about 170 million people). In fact, C hepatitis in Taiwan are hepatitis B liver disease second only to the second murderer. According to Taiwan with chronic hepatitis C epidemiological investigation, in Taiwan there are about 2% ~ 4% of the population (about 4-60 people) infected with hepatitis C, in which persons suffering from the northern region of the entire population group 1.5 ~ 2%, but in the central and southern coastal areas of prevalence was as high as 20 ~ 60%. In fact, in Taiwan, HBsAg-negative persons suffering from chronic hepatitis, 60% are due to hepatitis C virus infection from. Before the age of 15 population groups of the hepatitis C virus infection rates low, and with age increases, the vast majority of individuals are positive happen in developing countries or socio-economic standard of the lower areas.
Clinically, the vast majority of hepatitis C was found, have been in a state of chronic infection. Since the blood centers in Taiwan from the Republic of China began in July 1992 screening of donated blood in the Anti-HCV (C hepatitis antibody), hepatitis C recipients experienced viral infection to reduce the probability of around 30 ~ 40%, and "post-transfusion hepatitis," the incidence dropped to less than 1%.
In the virus structure, C-type hepatitis C virus is an RNA virus (RNA), in the laboratory testing through "C-type hepatitis C virus antibodies" to diagnose the individual whether or not there is or has been infected with hepatitis C virus. Explore the basis of epidemiological evidence, C hepatitis is mainly by way of non-gastrointestinal tract infection, which is injected through a blood transfusion and injection. Although, C-type hepatitis virus, the vast majority of injections are injections by means of infected body fluids, but there are 40% of the individuals were unable to find a specific infection. In clinical practice, C-type hepatitis virus in high-risk groups include intravenous drug injecting addicts and regular blood transfusions were required, haemophilia and intravenous drug users are hepatitis C infection rate is as high as 90%; to explore the basis of epidemiological evidence by the sex of hepatitis C infection is not a very high probability, but perinatal vertical transmission of hepatitis B is not as the percentage of the virus so high, in which the mother's chances of vertical transmission is also only 5 ~ 10% around; In addition, C-type hepatitis C virus is also transmitted through the diet, at present, has yet to have a very specific support for the theory to prove.
Etiology and Pathogenesis
The basis of clinical observation, C-type hepatitis C virus in persons suffering from AIDS as well as certain long-term intravenous drug users, have more obvious and serious symptoms, and hepatitis C virus, hepatitis B virus, except as by the host immune system will react to lead to liver cells harm outside; also scholars in the study found that hepatitis C virus itself to the liver cells also have a direct killing of the phenomenon.
Hepatitis C virus infection the incubation period, usually 6 to 10 weeks or so, and even some infected individuals will be up to four-five months. In the diagnosis, you can use an enzyme immune assay to detect hepatitis C antibodies to determine the specific diagnosis of hepatitis C virus infection, and hepatitis C antibody is usually three months after the acute infection to appear; but the hepatitis C antibody do not themselves have the Medium and hepatitis C virus, the role, that is, its does not mean that individuals suffering from hepatitis C has on the immune protection capacity.
Suffering from acute hepatitis C who have around 50-70% will be entering the stage of chronic hepatitis (liver function refers to its six-month follow-up in a row still abnormal phenomenon), and chronic hepatitis C China has around 30% of cancer were about to develop into liver cirrhosis; the basis of epidemiological evidence to explore, C-type hepatitis virus formed by persons suffering from liver cirrhosis, two per cent each year will suffer from cirrhosis happened liver cancer. In patients with chronic hepatitis C who suffer from long-term follow-up found in chronic hepatitis C to liver cirrhosis stage for about thirteen years to eighteen years, and the formation of liver cancer time twenty to thirty years required; which C hepatitis liver cancer arising from almost all have 100% of their liver hardening phenomenon; relatively speaking, B-type hepatitis B surface antigen-positive hepatocellular carcinoma, and its rate of cirrhosis in about 85%. Therefore, chronic hepatitis C once the stage of cirrhosis, liver cancer risk of its derivatives will be slower and of hepatitis B carriers high.
Clinical symptoms and characterization of
In fact, C-type hepatitis C virus-infected persons most of them are not having any clinical symptoms, of which only one-quarter and blood transfusion-related hepatitis C virus infection, will appear in the clinical jaundice, general malaise, low - degree of fever and right upper abdominal distension and other symptoms typical of acute hepatitis; but in fact, the vast majority of symptoms are minor, and rarely lead to fulminant hepatitis happen; even in some cases have been found to generate concurrent cirrhosis, but no clinical symptoms of the slightest; while the majority of individuals via blood screening that they found out that he is a hepatitis C virus carriers.
Testing and diagnosis
Acute hepatitis C liver function tests GOT or GPT, usually less than 100 milliliters each of the following 1000 international units, while only 10% of the cases, the GOT or GPT would be greater than 100 milliliters per 2000 international units; and serum total bilirubin rarely exceeds 10 per 100 milliliters to 15 mg; Therefore, C-type hepatitis C virus less severe liver function abnormalities. In general, acute hepatitis C will be derived rarely fulminant hepatitis, and liver function tests of GOT and GPT is usually about twice the upper limit of normal ups and downs; but in some cases even in the GOT and GPT almost near normal then once again trigger another acute attack. So, it is not GOT, GPT normal to express hepatitis C have been healed.
In clinical practice can be detected by serum hepatitis C-specific antibodies to determine the diagnosis of hepatitis C virus infection, to explore the basis of epidemiological evidence has 65% of hepatitis C infection in the onset of symptoms within two weeks, can be detected to detect hepatitis C virus antibody; but after three months, C-type hepatitis antibody-positive rate is as high as 90 percent, while the remaining 10% of infected people will need more time, can there be hepatitis C antibody; is Say hepatitis C "window period" than that of hepatitis B for longer. In fact, the current window period for hepatitis C infection, in clinical practice can be used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for early detection of acute hepatitis C virus infection, but unfortunately the cost of this inspection and the steps are more expensive and complex. In addition, could be implemented in the clinical pathology of liver puncture biopsy, interferon treatment of choice as a reference for tracking the prognosis and treatment.
Treatment and Prognosis
As long as suffering from hepatitis C to receive supportive treatment, combined with proper rest and nutrition, conditioning, in a few weeks to several months or so, the clinical symptoms and liver function will be gradually returning to normal, while in infected persons have suffered 10 ~ 30% of cases will naturally ease and can rule out the possibility the virus in vitro, but unfortunately there are 70 ~ 90% of cancer would be entering the stage of chronic hepatitis.
In fact, chronic hepatitis C in clinical practice are the vast majority do not have any symptoms, and cancer in the course of disease after more than a decade after the normally expected level of complications ranging. And in this stage of chronic infection, chronic hepatitis C in the GOT or GPT, have shown unusually close to the upper limit of normal ups and downs. According to histopathology of and found that chronic hepatitis C genotype Ib has poor prognosis, while in fact 25 percent suffering from chronic hepatitis C, its GOT, GPT can not be restored within the normal range, and in ten years will be derived after "cirrhosis"; In addition, C-type hepatitis C virus chronic infection with hepatitis B carriers, as have a higher ratio was found suffering from hepatocellular carcinoma.
At present, interferon is the treatment of chronic hepatitis C drug of choice, and the role of interferon is mainly directed against hepatitis C virus to be directly eliminated, its standard course of treatment three times a week to receive three million units of interferon injections, and In the six months after treatment, have about half of cases around the liver function would be restored to within normal range, but unfortunately there is half of the cases after six months, the abnormal liver function again; Thus, according to the clinical treatment experience found that interferon treatment of hepatitis C long-term effectiveness of around 20 ~ 25%; a result, some scholars have suggested that chronic hepatitis C to give higher doses and longer treatment, or permit them to resume normal liver function to enhance the efficacy .
Chronic hepatitis C has not yet been associated with liver cirrhosis, infection is shorter, pre-treatment HCV-RNA concentration of low or non-1b gene subtype, may have a higher estimate of the long-term sustainability of interferon therapy efficacy. Clinically, if the use of IFN-3 ~ 4 months, serum GPT value is not reduced to normal or serum HCV-RNA did not significantly decrease or disappear, they should stop to consider the use of combined anti-viral drugs (such as ribavirin) and interferon combination treatment. In recent years, found that while the use of interferon injections and oral antiviral drugs (ribavirin) in treatment of chronic hepatitis C than the superior efficacy of interferon therapy alone; the use of interferon plus ribavirin (grams per day 1000-1200) for six months, its sustained efficacy up to 40% more than is currently the treatment of chronic hepatitis C treatment efficacy of a better way. However, in the course of treatment, interferon certainly need to know the possible side-effects, including flu-like symptoms (such as fever, myalgia, headache), general malaise, hair loss, weight loss), the number of white blood cells or platelets to reduce the , lack of concentration, depression and even immune function variation (such as produce autoimmune antibodies), it is. Suffering from hepatitis C in the specialist physician should closely monitor the use of interferon injections. Furthermore, Ribavirin daily dose of 1000-1200mg, taking six months, Ribavirin itself has a small number of side effects of anemia, cough, itching, rashes, insomnia.
In recent years, by polyethylene glycol of interferon (pegylated), its half-life of up to 40 hours for the traditional short-acting interferon times, blood concentrations of interferon than the traditional high, as long as the injection once a week. According to overseas research, a separate long-acting interferon in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C, and its effect on up to 40 ~ 45%, if the combined oral Ribavirin combined treatment of 24 weeks, the effect can reach 60 ~ 65, than the traditional short-acting interferon Ribavirin combined effects of slightly higher, especially in the difficult treatment of the disease genotype Ib and serum concentrations of high disease patients, its efficacy significantly higher than conventional interferon.
For those treatment failures, the majority are due to the phenomenon which has already existed in potential liver cirrhosis or liver cell itself contains too much iron; in the interferon therapy, the adverse reactions caused by, with B, like hepatitis. Clinically, some suffering from chronic hepatitis C who are not suitable for interferon therapy, including clinical liver cirrhosis, there are obvious signs of mental illness, accompanied by the phenomenon, and even have low white blood cell phenomenon who suffer from hepatitis C, because these cases in acceptance of interferon treatment, may lead to sudden liver failure.
In fact, has happened to cirrhosis complications of chronic hepatitis C who suffer from diseases such as hepatic encephalopathy, refractory ascites as well as the governance of esophageal variceal bleeding, treatment of its most fundamental is the "liver transplant", and chronic hepatitis C persons suffering from liver transplant patients, the more will not cause immune rejection.
So far, the prevention of the spread of C-type virus is the only person to do a good job of screening blood transfusion due to hepatitis C virus genome itself, the nucleotide sequence variation faster, in the manufacture of vaccines have not been able to break through, it has yet to develop a C-type hepatitis virus vaccine.
Hepatitis D virus
Hepatitis D virus is a diameter size of 35-37nm virus-like particles, mainly from special core antigen (called the delta antigen), as well as to external sets of hepatitis B virus surface antigen and formation of infectious virus particles, its also are RNA viruses; In addition, D-type hepatitis C virus is a defective virus, which infected host cells can not be alone, but must be with the hepatitis B virus infection in the host at the same time only be able to achieve its purpose of reproduction and growth. In addition, D-type hepatitis C virus can also be infected with hepatitis B carriers, and to become the so-called "over the same period of infection"; In addition, according to the clinical virology study, found that hepatitis D virus infection can inhibit the Hepatitis B active virus.
Human hepatitis D virus are the main infected hosts, with similar cases, the route of hepatitis B virus, can also be infected through sexual intercourse, but perinatal infection very rare. According to animal experimental studies have found hepatitis D virus in the incubation period of around 2-10 weeks, and its incubation period in humans has not yet have specific conclusion. Hepatitis D virus is mainly found in hepatitis B virus in high-prevalence areas, including Africa and Asia, South America and southern Italy; fun, according to a study found that hepatitis B carriers have a higher prostitutes hepatitis D virus infection rate (around 21.1% in or so).
Hepatitis D infection is usually sudden, and its clinical symptoms and characterization of infection with hepatitis B are similar. In clinical practice, D hepatitis B virus infection will lead to chronic hepatitis B with acute deterioration, D hepatitis can be self-limited recovery can also be carried out for chronic hepatitis D. Therefore, in hepatitis B carriers in the natural history, if the sudden deterioration of liver function and sexual, we have to consider whether it is hepatitis D virus infection. Also have to consider whether it is hepatitis D virus infection. Discussion on the basis of epidemiological, clinical have 25-50% of fulminant hepatitis B are derived from hepatitis D virus "re-infection", and hepatitis D "re-infection" is also the formation of chronic hepatitis D In clinical, it can be detected by antibody to hepatitis D screening of hepatitis D infection, and detection of its IgM globulin can also be diagnosed with acute hepatitis D (the same period of infection) exists.
Has not yet developed effective against hepatitis D virus drugs. However, in clinical practice through the hepatitis B vaccine injection, to reduce the chronic hepatitis B virus carrier rate in order to achieve deterrence of hepatitis D virus infection and infection.
Hepatitis E virus
Hepatitis E virus is an RNA virus, its morphology and clinical epidemiology of hepatitis A virus similar to, E-type hepatitis C virus itself, the diameter of around 29-32nm in between is a calicivirus Branch, Human are its main host, but also in chimpanzees and Cynmolgus macaques (Macaca 1 objects similar animals) between the transmission.
Hepatitis E virus is mainly through the faecal - oral transmission, and in some areas of the outbreak of a pandemic has been largely due to water pollution (water pollution because of heavy floods), as well as contamination of food caused by heavy infection.
E-type virus, the main endemic areas including India, Nepal, Pakistan, the Soviet Union, Algeria, Libya,SoMaria as well as mainland China, these countries have occurred in regional pandemic, infection risk was also mainly young men , while the mortality rate of pregnant women are infected at about between 10-20%.
According to Taiwan's own epidemiological study and found that some areas in the south are not in the classification of persons suffering from acute viral hepatitis, the serum to detect hepatitis E virus antibodies as high as 22%.
Clinically, the vast majority suffering from acute hepatitis E in the infection of hepatitis E virus, are able to generate relative should have the ability of immune protection of hepatitis E antibodies, and will not evolve into chronic hepatitis.
Hepatitis G virus Color
Hepatitis G virus is yellow fever virus Branch, is a recent (1995) was found in the "chemokine liver virus", the main by non-gastrointestinal tract (injection injection) channels and the spread of infection, the infection can cause persistent chronic "viremia" during nearly a decade, according to epidemiology of, G type hepatitis virus infection in intravenous drug addicts accounted for 50% of hemodialysis were 30%, suffering from hemophilia who accounted for 20 percent, while the chronic type B or C hepatitis were suffering from 15%; In spite of this, at present there is no significant evidence of hepatitis G virus will cause a higher severity of liver disease.
Since 1995, hepatitis G virus genome was found later, was informed that its lead to post-transfusion hepatitis are the main reason, but there are still clinical 5% of all chronic liver disease are unable to find the causes (and in its causes in order to rule out the possibility all hepatitis viruses, alcohol, drugs and autoimmune or congenital metabolism caused by liver disease), of which about half of those suffering in the past history of receiving blood transfusions by treatment, the incubation period of around 14-145 days in between ; in clinical through PCR (polymerase chainreaction, PCR) test after the discovery of a gene has a special body of virus-like particles, and referred to as "G-type hepatitis C virus", which can be infected in the gorilla or monkey and human.
According to the study of virology, G-type hepatitis virus yellow fever virus also belongs to genera and species, their genetic structure in the 25% sort of similar to hepatitis C virus and other yellow fever virus belongs to the virus section.
As a result of hepatitis G are the newly discovered "super-hepatitis virus", so its exact clinical significance is not very clear, although it can be infected chimpanzees, but infected individuals in clinical practice has not happened on the phenomenon of abnormal liver function, as well as other liver biopsy abnormal pathological changes in organizations. The basis of epidemiological evidence to explore the public areas in the United States are in the blood of hepatitis G infection rates in between 1-2%, and its population in the whole group in a higher infection rate of hepatitis C and its high-risk group with hepatitis C are similar, including recurrent blood transfusion, intravenous drug addicts and persons suffering from hemophilia.
Suffering from hepatitis G presented the clinical symptoms are relatively minor, perhaps only mildly abnormal liver function, but according to the report of the Japanese literature, G hepatitis infection will lead to fulminant hepatitis happen, and in Japan hemodialysis treatment, its G the incidence of hepatitis is as high as 3.1%, of which there are many who have suffered a considerable degree of liver function abnormalities, according to long-term clinical follow-up and found that hepatitis G may be the persistence of in individuals around 10-16 years.
A new viral hepatitis: TTH (Post-transfusion hepatitis)
December 1997 Japanese scholars began to reports, in an unexplained post-transfusion hepatitis patient serum, detected a new DNA virus, and according to TT at the beginning of the names of patients, and is known as "TTV", happens to with "transfusion-transmitted virus" that is, post-transfusion hepatitis (TTH) abbreviation consistent, thus the extension of the disease were used to described with transfusion-associated hepatitis diseases.
Currently in clinical TTV are known like "parvovirus" of an alternative virus, its single strand of DNA viruses, no jacket envelope, and TTV infection in the main detection method is the application of PCR (polymerase chain reaction) technology.
TTV in various types of liver disease and to receive a blood transfusion and blood products in high-risk population groups in both a higher detection rate. Clinically, in some unexplained acute non-A to non-G hepatitis suffering from the faeces, but also the detection of TTV-DNA genome. This is also stated that TTV is a part of the non-A to non-G hepatitis were suffering from disease, one of which factor.
In clinical practice, non-A to non-G hepatitis were indeed also suffering from the existence of the possibility of TTV infection. TTV-DNA exists in the liver cell membrane or cytoplasm. In periods of acute hepatitis, TTV with diffuse distribution in; and during chronic hepatitis, TTV-DNA was mainly distributed in the inter-sinks near pipe. Therefore, TTV is actually a "chemokine liver virus," and can lead to changes in clinical pathology in fulminant hepatitis is also a higher incidence may be known at the end of acute and chronic virus-induced fulminant hepatitis and the etiology of 1. Therefore, TTV is a DNA virus, with unexplained liver cirrhosis and fulminant hepatic failure in acute deterioration. In patients with chronic hepatitis C and chronic hepatitis B patients with a higher rate of incidence.
The Taiwan region are the high prevalence of hepatitis-B District, TTV virus in the population group in the detection rate is also relatively high, therefore, an urgent need of TTV virus present a more in-depth research, such as histological studies, looking epidemic research and set up TIV virus infection model animals in order to do a good job in prevention and health way.
Under normal blood donors in the TTH more common carriers, and intravenous drug addicts more TTH virus infection are high-risk group. Part of the non-A to non-G hepatitis may be related to TTH. According to epidemiological investigation confirmed that in non-A to non-G hepatitis were suffering from, which found that chronic infection TIV has accounted for 43%. Abnormal liver function without AG hepatitis virus infection in blood donors, the TTV-DNA positive rate was as high as 35%, significantly higher than normal liver function of liver donors, which also shows that there is no lack of deposit in blood donors TTH has HIV infection. TTH hepatitis can also be healthy carriers of the state manifested apart from blood transfusion TTH are likely to spread the virus outside of the main avenues, TTH virus can also be via the fecal - oral transmission.
In addition, hemodialysis there were a higher percentage of TTH virus infection, and from epidemiological studies also found that type B and hepatitis C infection often duplicate TTH viruses, which led to B-and C-derived hepatitis complicated with acute deterioration disease.
Liver are the body is like a chemical factory, whose main features include albumin synthesis, immunoglobulin production, bile production and excretion, the clearance of pathogens and toxins, as well as the synthesis of coagulation factors, so as soon as liver problems, The above function will be abnormal or recession. But fortunately, the liver disease itself is a very high tolerance, because as long as the liver remained at about one-quarter of entities, we can meet the individual requirements of the work day metabolism. General clinical practice, the so-called "liver function tests" project, none other than the liver are used to assess the synthesis, excretion and detoxification functions; and the general public are most familiar with is the most important items GOT and GPT. Let us put aside in the GOT and GPT Chinese translation of the name, but the liver GOT and GPT are thousands involved in the metabolism of various substances the most important and most specific enzymes within the liver cells; happen if the liver cell membrane degeneration or liver cells themselves necrosis, which will allow the inherent existence of GOT and GPT into the blood circulation in the overflow. Therefore, by serum GOT and GPT concentrations of high and low, they can indirectly determine whether liver cells are being hurt and necrosis happened phenomenon.
General inspection by the GOT and GPT concentrations of the normal range are forty units in the following, in acute hepatitis or chronic hepatitis, acute fat deterioration, GOT and GPT can be abnormal or even as high as more than a thousand units; if in the follow-up examinations, the GOT and GPT is gradually decreased, and clinically it is represents the phenomenon of liver cell damage is gradually reduced, and even in some cases will fall within the normal range, this stage liver disease is called "remission." The so-called "chronic hepatitis" refers to persons suffering from GOT and GPT, in more than six months of follow-up, the ceiling is still above the normal ups and downs. Other liver function tests also include an assessment of liver synthetic function of serum albumin and prothrombin time (if the liver function, the prothrombin time will be extended) to assess the excretion function of serum total bilirubin to assess the detoxification function of the serum ammonia concentration; addition r-GT can be used not only to assess the phenomenon of liver cell injury is also a kind of alcohol or drugs for liver cell injury indicators; by serum alpha-fetoprotein concentrations of ups and downs can also be convicted of liver cell regeneration itself to what extent These so-called liver function tests in clinical practice does not have absolute significance of confirming the diagnosis, physicians must have to add a wealth of clinical experience, as well as the clinical symptoms and characterization only be able to sum up the full extent of liver function damage assessment .
If the first blood test GOT and GPT, found that its data showed abnormal, do not panic or be too nervous; as a result of examination in itself has some degree of standard error, perhaps coupled with some physiological and drug effects, and data showing "false positive" phenomenon (that is, individuals do not have the potential of liver disease); it is necessary at the appropriate time, and then tracking a check to determine whether the GOT and GPT is still abnormal. In fact, the vast majority of persons suffering from abnormal liver function do not have any clinical symptoms, but common symptoms of hepatitis are non-specific, which is none other than the general malaise, joint pain, loss of appetite, and sometimes just suffering from a cold like. And serious cases that may arise brown urine, as well as jaundice, but in chronic hepatitis and even cirrhosis may occur esophageal variceal bleeding, ascites, jaundice, hepatic coma, as well as the complications, and these complications are sufficient to enable persons suffering from hepatitis "put to an end . " In fact, the majority of those suffering from those who are in the liver do not know the reasons, the rule on the temerity to use the so-called liver drugs; therefore only lead to further understanding or to explore the causes of abnormal liver function, the liver is the proper way .
Abnormal liver function on the need to explore further lead to "abnormal liver function," What is the cause? In Taiwan residents living in its lead to the causes of abnormal liver function has four main categories:
1. Viral hepatitis: the present has been clinically confirmed viral hepatitis can have six: A type, B type, C type, D type, E and G-type hepatitis, including hepatitis A and hepatitis E, the main through the gastrointestinal tract infection, that is, by unclean drinking water and diet and infection, but will not suffer from chronic hepatitis derivative, and the individual can be life-long immune antibodies. While the remaining B-type, C type, D or G-type hepatitis injections are by way of injection or blood transfusion infection, including hepatitis B virus infection, there are about 15-20% will become chronic carriers, while the band the former has 10 percent of those will give rise to chronic hepatitis, and in those suffering from chronic hepatitis has 5% to develop into liver cirrhosis. According to the National Taiwan University Hospital for cirrhosis of those suffering from long-term follow-up examinations found that those suffering from liver cirrhosis have derived 7% hepatocellular carcinoma, and liver cancer is the top cause of cancer deaths. Therefore, B hepatitis prevention and treatment of the Taiwan region are a major public health issue. The Taiwan region of hepatitis C carriers, about 30 million people, the chronic rate is as high as 60 percent, but also the formation of liver cirrhosis and liver cancer, one of the most common causes. Hepatitis D, must at the same time or duplicate infection in hepatitis B carriers who, while hepatitis B carriers once infected with hepatitis D will also add to the deterioration of the original liver disease.
2. Alcoholic liver disease: in foreign countries, alcohol lead to abnormal liver function are the main reason; In recent years, due to the economic prosperity of Units bends, people drink entertainment opportunities also increased, clinically it has no lack of long-term drinking which led to liver function abnormalities were suffering from. Alcohol abuse caused by alcohol-induced liver disease, at the initial stage of "fatty liver" pattern emerged (abnormal accumulation of fat particles in the liver cytoplasm of the phenomenon), later appeared in lobular liver cell damage in inflammatory cells, and to enter the alcoholic phase of hepatitis; in alcoholic liver disease, the late, due to a large number of cell necrosis and collagen fibers have been admitted, causing liver cirrhosis can not be entered back stage.
3. Drug-induced hepatitis: 90% of the drugs to metabolism in the liver, while long-term use of certain drugs may also cause mild liver cell damage, let alone the people have the habit of taking random; Therefore, clinically it is there are a large number of drug-induced hepatitis.
4. Fatty liver: ultrasound diagnosis of fatty liver are the most accurate tool, but only 20% of those who suffer from fatty liver are abnormal liver function; therefore similar for some who suffer from fatty liver, such as obesity, alcoholism, hypertriglyceridemia, diabetes, lack of over-nutrition, chronic heart failure and so on, may wish to recommend that its further ultrasound scan, with a view to screening out the potential of fatty liver.
Speaking from hepatitis A
In people living in Taiwan, if once found to have abnormal liver function of the phenomenon (the so-called hepatitis), then we must first consider the factors is "viral." Currently in clinical hepatitis have been identified, including hepatitis A has, B-type hepatitis, C hepatitis, D hepatitis, E-type hepatitis, G hepatitis, as well as post-transfusion hepatitis (transfusion-transmitted hepatitis, TTH); Although these so-called "hepatic chemokine virus" (mainly lead to liver cell injury induced by the virus itself) in the characterization of clinical symptoms, there are many similar places, but the prevalence of pathology, immunology, the etiology as well as physiological anatomy study will have different specific place, but from an understanding of each different clinical pathology of viral hepatitis in primary health care on preventive health care to be able to do a good job.
Hepatitis A virus is classified as enterovirus 72, is a small virus Branch, the diameter of about 27nm, it is an RNA virus, are the sole human host. Once infected with hepatitis A after incubation in 15-50 days (average 28-30 days), mainly by the fecal - oral transmission, so the onset of symptoms before one or two weeks can be in the stool in looking for a hepatitis A virus-like particles; happen again abnormal liver function or symptoms, the virus excretion from the feces, however, reduced, at which point the individual will gradually suffer from hepatitis A have corresponding antibodies, certain explosive Hepatitis A large popular places, mainly derived from contamination of drinking water, eating raw seafood, as well as cold food, and rarely by non-gastrointestinal infection of the blood channels.
In developing countries the health of the adult population groups, and individual themselves in a hepatitis A antibodies exist in these places rarely happen Hepatitis A pandemic. In recent years, the improvement of environmental hygiene. People for hepatitis A infection rates reduced, thus making the outbreak of hepatitis A prevalence increased; in the country has developed most of the cancer exists in the nursery, the home has acute hepatitis infection, hepatitis A to the popular tourist areas, even improper intravenous drug injectors.
In Taiwan, 72 years to explore the epidemiology, we found the age group of hepatitis A infection rates have decreased year by year, and even found that children below the age of 10 have not yet have the vast majority of hepatitis A virus antibodies, has not yet been infected have hepatitis A virus, that is, at any time will be subject to its hepatitis A viruses, so children of this age group has the necessary recommendations of its acceptance of hepatitis A vaccination.
In acute or recent hepatitis A virus infection, we can through the serum hepatitis A virus detected in the IgM immunoglobulin to determine the acute hepatitis A virus infection, which can hold such IgM globulin from patients with the serum for about 4-6 weeks; also through large-scale epidemiological evidence to confirm the diagnosis of hepatitis A virus exist; but in the epidemiological point of view, A hepatitis E virus and acute type easy hepatitis C virus confused.
Hepatitis B virus concept today
The basis of epidemiological evidence to explore the world each year has more than 500,000 people died of "liver cancer" and has up to 80% of liver cancer hundred are from "chronic hepatitis B virus" caused by; in chronic B infection hepatitis 400 million population, has 75% are in Asia, including mainland China and Taiwan is the world's hepatitis B and liver cancer population groups most areas. Therefore, the data show the following results:
■ Chinese mainland are chronic hepatitis B virus (Hepatitis B Virus, HBV) and the highest prevalence
Area, all over the world for more than one-third of the hepatitis B virus carriers are in mainland China (about 2000 million
10000-130000000 of hepatitis B carriers).
■ in the Taiwan region with chronic hepatitis B virus infection prevalence of the total population of 15 ~ 20%, it is estimated that
Three million people are hepatitis B carriers.
■ Korea estimated 2250000-2270000 of hepatitis B carriers.
■ In India, an estimated 34 million of hepatitis B carriers.
■ In Singapore, the chronic hepatitis B virus infection prevalence was 4%, an estimated 150,000 people with hepatitis B
From the original.
■ in the Philippines with chronic HIV infection prevalence rate of 5 ~ 16%.
■ in Thailand with chronic HIV infection prevalence rate of 3 ~ 6%, it is estimated that three million people have are B -
Hepatitis carriers.
■ in Hong Kong infected with chronic HIV infection prevalence of 8.8%, it is estimated that 700,000 of the population has
Are hepatitis B carriers.
■ In the United States have more than one million people are infected with chronic hepatitis B each year has more than 5000 people died of B-type liver
Inflammation, as well as hepatitis B-related complications.
The Taiwan region of hepatitis B virus are high-prevalence areas, over 30 years of age in a healthy population group in Taiwan, B-type hepatitis C virus infection has nearly 15-20% (about three million people are hepatitis B carriers) , and with hepatitis B virus is closely related to the hepatocellular carcinoma, also accounting for the top ten people of the first leading cause of cancer deaths, while the top ten causes of death in people of sixth place on the chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis, with chronic hepatitis B virus infection and therefore for Hepatitis B awareness and prevention in Taiwan are the largest public health prevention and treatment of one of the topics.
Hepatitis B virus is a DNA virus, its diameter of about 42nm, the diameter of its core antibody in the 27nm, while the periphery of the core was another special lipoprotein envelope (or envelope or jacket) surrounded, called hepatitis B surface antigen from hepatitis B surface antigen phenotype of different antigens can be hepatitis B virus is divided into four different subtypes, and different subtypes also have their special characteristics of the geographical distribution, rather than pain subtypes can also happen as each other to protect the role of the immune interaction; but not from clinical symptoms to determine which subtype infection.
In addition to the core antigen and surface antigen, the most important thing is to e antigen, if the serum has the existence of e antigen and its clinical hepatitis B also indicated that Law is highly poisonous highly infected, but if the emergence of e antibodies, selective relative influence is also reduced, but that does not mean there is no appeal; In addition, the first issued by the serum of hepatitis B virus DNA also indicated that the virus itself has a higher activity and fecundity; Therefore, if maternal carriers belonging to e antigen positive, selective formation of the newborn in future carrier probability as high as 90%.
Hepatitis B virus can be parasitic in humans and belongs to a long age of the individual categories of the orangutan, its excretion through the body might have been secondarily infected, including blood, saliva, semen and vaginal secretion, mainly by injection injection (intravenous injection, intramuscular, subcutaneous or intradermal injection), the mucosa damaged skin (the accident was contaminated needles to bar), perinatal infection, as well as means of sexual contact and infection; Therefore, any blood transfusion products such as the injection of whole blood, serum, platelet , serum fiber million, concentrated red blood cells blood products, etc. If we do not, after screening for hepatitis B surface antigen, hepatitis B is a high prevalence area in South-East Asia and the Far East, the main mode of transmission is perinatal transmission, that is, B hepatitis B surface antigen positive, and even e antigen-positive mothers of newborns are born from hepatitis B carriers in high-risk groups; and abroad, B hepatitis is classified as "sex-communicable diseases", which primarily through intimate sexual behavior among homosexual transmission, while a small number of infected persons through sharing toothbrushes and razor blades have been infected.
Hepatitis B virus incubation period is usually in the 45-180 days (average 60-90 days), the main by the virus quantity, mode of transmission, as well as host resistance, and different incubation periods.
Although hepatitis B virus all over the world, but its main prevalent in Africa and Asia, and the main infected infants and young children, while in South America are mainly infected with the young people; While in Asia, B hepatitis carrier rate in between 10-20%, but in each is only between 0.2-0.9%, while in the United States population groups in hepatitis B antibody-positive rate is only 5%, while the vast majority exist in the long-term intravenous drug injection addiction De, multiple sexual partners of heterosexual, male homosexual, host, or working in institutions, as well as hemodialysis patients or medical center staff.
Suffering from hepatitis B also occur in cases of death, the mortality rate at about 1%. If the hepatitis B surface antigen in serum continued to hold more than six months, it can be called hepatitis B virus "chronic carriers" and the carrier itself does not necessarily have a clinical history of hepatitis, which may have three one once the carrier has the phenomenon of abnormal liver function (GOT and GPT and the abnormal rise); and carriers of the liver biopsy, perhaps just a normal, perhaps also chronic hepatitis B Characterization , although a few may have also seen signs of hepatitis and liver cirrhosis. Explore the basis of epidemiological evidence, found all over the world who suffer from liver cancer, 80% were hepatitis B surface antigen positive, while the "B-type hepatitis C virus" in the human carcinogenic role, also second only to "smoke tobacco. " In clinical diagnosis, we can detect by serum hepatitis B surface antigen positive or not, to determine whether the individual is the hepatitis B virus carriers; In addition, serum also can detect whether there are B - hepatitis virus DNA, to assess whether active virus replication period; and in hepatitis B virus serum markers, including three antigen-antibody system, which has B-surface antigen and antibody, B hepatitis B e antigen and antibody ; in which hepatitis B core antigen, the market in general testing centers can detect the corresponding antigen or antibody. Which hepatitis B antigen in clinical symptoms after a few weeks can be detected; and natural history of infection, B-type hepatitis B surface antigen in the recovery phase when the concentration will decrease or even disappear, if in six months more than a view still persists in the serum, it means that infected individuals will become chronic carriers (and once with the original, life-long with the original). As for hepatitis B core antibody in the pathogenesis of view will appear, and life-long existence, the existence of such serum markers, mainly express the individual is or has been infected with hepatitis B virus; It also can detect cancer of serum hepatitis B core antibody IgM globulin, to determine whether individuals suffering from "acute B hepatitis."
In addition, according to AXA National Cheng Kung University Hospital and hospitals in their common for hepatitis B carriers of the long-term follow-up study, the preliminary findings of chronic hepatitis B, another "carcinogenic mechanism," and are called " Pre-S mutant protein "has been associated; their research that if the hepatitis B carriers with such a special mutant protein, then its in a decade into the chances of liver cancer as much as 56 percent, the cancer machine rate is not a "mutant protein" of 3.5 times. In the study also pointed out that have Pre-S mutant protein of hepatitis B carriers in the decade of the long-term follow-up screening in the incidence of liver cancer as much as 56 percent, while continuing to follow-up after fifteen years the proportion of more raised to 65 percent, while the ratio did not Pre-S mutant protein 3.5 times higher; However, according to their research, however, pointed out that the liver only suffer from the "Pre-S mutant protein," the incidence of only 6%, seven into rather than 100% (which may also show that Pre-S mutant protein, the existence of the specific diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma is not very high). According to the researchers claim that as a result of hepatitis B virus mutations would have been in order to evade the human immune system attacks, while the Pre-S mutant protein would lead to chromosome instability, as well as its DNA damage and precancerous changes occur, which in turn leads "liver." According to the research data show that, two, three-year-old about liver B carriers, only 3-5% with Pre-S mutant protein, but after forty-year-old, Pre-S mutant protein, the ratio rose to 24 ~ 40%. In short, B liver with the original must be early treatment to avoid the "Pre-S mutant protein" generation, in turn derived from liver cirrhosis or even liver cancer. Since then, in the next three years China Wei Yuan and the Department of Health who will conduct the 2000 hepatitis B carriers of the study, hope to further determine the "Pre-S mutant protein" can be such as alpha-fetoprotein (α-fetoprotein ), as in clinical screening to become a "hepatocellular carcinoma" special "serum markers" or as the progression of the disease-specific treatment targets, this is also happy to see by the clinicians. (2004/09/10)
Hepatitis B virus has been the marginalization of chronic viral hepatitis-C hepatitis virus
Foreword
Prior to 1989, a group of chronic hepatitis were classified as "non-A non-B hepatitis", mainly because this group of chronic hepatitis has been excluded by the hepatitis A virus, B-type hepatitis virus as well as other common hepatitis virus giant cells such as virus and EB virus, or even caused by drugs or alcohol hepatitis; as a result of these "non-A non-B hepatitis," the vast majority are infected through blood transfusion after, and therefore also known as the "post-transfusion hepatitis," . Until 1989 the United States Karen (Chiron) companies Zhu (Choo) and Kuo (Kuo) the two researchers found that "non-A non-B hepatitis," the main virus RNA genome for the virus-like particles, and the official called " Hepatitis C virus "(Hepatitis C Virus). Basically, with the neonatal hepatitis B vaccine coverage overall, the Taiwan region of hepatitis B carrier rate is bound to decline year after year, it can predict the future of hepatitis C will replace the hepatitis B become the mainstream of chronic hepatitis in Taiwan.
Epidemiology
Hepatitis C virus, yellow fever virus belongs to Branch, the human as its main host, and in the laboratory can also be infected chimpanzees. Hepatitis C virus and A-and D-type hepatitis C virus is the same RNA (RNA) virus, the virus size is about 30 ~ 50 nm (nm = 1/10000000 mm) than the A-and D-type virus is slightly large, the incubation period is about 1 ~ five months (an average of 1.5 ~ 2.0 months) than the hepatitis B incubation period longer.
According to RNA series of studies, C genotype of hepatitis can be divided into six genotypes and more than 100 kinds of the above subtypes, of which there are four genotypes of hepatitis C are the main types of patients. Based on Okamoto's classification of four types are known as I, II, III and IV type. In the United States 70% of the hepatitis C virus genotype are type Ia and Ib-type, while the other 30% are type II and III. In Taiwan, while type II accounted for most (about 73%), and the remaining type-III and IV each accounted for 13% and 11%, and about 3% for the mixed type, I type is very rare. According to clinical experience, interferon for type III and type IV is more effective, while for type II and I-effect of poor, different genotypes have different clinical course as well as the specific antigen and hepatitis C makes the natural course of disease have different prognosis ; Therefore, before the use of interferon to detect hepatitis C genotype is the most specific.
In recent years, the "polymerase chain reaction" (PCR) examination of molecular technology, which detect blood of hepatitis C virus nucleic acid (HCV RNA) the existence of hepatitis C virus, making the structure more clear. Global hepatitis C virus infection rate of about 0.5 ~ 1.5 between the (about 170 million people). In fact, C hepatitis in Taiwan are hepatitis B liver disease second only to the second murderer. According to Taiwan with chronic hepatitis C epidemiological investigation, in Taiwan there are about 2% ~ 4% of the population (about 4-60 people) infected with hepatitis C, in which persons suffering from the northern region of the entire population group 1.5 ~ 2%, but in the central and southern coastal areas of prevalence was as high as 20 ~ 60%. In fact, in Taiwan, HBsAg-negative persons suffering from chronic hepatitis, 60% are due to hepatitis C virus infection from. Before the age of 15 population groups of the hepatitis C virus infection rates low, and with age increases, the vast majority of individuals are positive happen in developing countries or socio-economic standard of the lower areas.
Clinically, the vast majority of hepatitis C was found, have been in a state of chronic infection. Since the blood centers in Taiwan from the Republic of China began in July 1992 screening of donated blood in the Anti-HCV (C hepatitis antibody), hepatitis C recipients experienced viral infection to reduce the probability of around 30 ~ 40%, and "post-transfusion hepatitis," the incidence dropped to less than 1%.
In the virus structure, C-type hepatitis C virus is an RNA virus (RNA), in the laboratory testing through "C-type hepatitis C virus antibodies" to diagnose the individual whether or not there is or has been infected with hepatitis C virus. Explore the basis of epidemiological evidence, C hepatitis is mainly by way of non-gastrointestinal tract infection, which is injected through a blood transfusion and injection. Although, C-type hepatitis virus, the vast majority of injections are injections by means of infected body fluids, but there are 40% of the individuals were unable to find a specific infection. In clinical practice, C-type hepatitis virus in high-risk groups include intravenous drug injecting addicts and regular blood transfusions were required, haemophilia and intravenous drug users are hepatitis C infection rate is as high as 90%; to explore the basis of epidemiological evidence by the sex of hepatitis C infection is not a very high probability, but perinatal vertical transmission of hepatitis B is not as the percentage of the virus so high, in which the mother's chances of vertical transmission is also only 5 ~ 10% around; In addition, C-type hepatitis C virus is also transmitted through the diet, at present, has yet to have a very specific support for the theory to prove.
Etiology and Pathogenesis
The basis of clinical observation, C-type hepatitis C virus in persons suffering from AIDS as well as certain long-term intravenous drug users, have more obvious and serious symptoms, and hepatitis C virus, hepatitis B virus, except as by the host immune system will react to lead to liver cells harm outside; also scholars in the study found that hepatitis C virus itself to the liver cells also have a direct killing of the phenomenon.
Hepatitis C virus infection the incubation period, usually 6 to 10 weeks or so, and even some infected individuals will be up to four-five months. In the diagnosis, you can use an enzyme immune assay to detect hepatitis C antibodies to determine the specific diagnosis of hepatitis C virus infection, and hepatitis C antibody is usually three months after the acute infection to appear; but the hepatitis C antibody do not themselves have the Medium and hepatitis C virus, the role, that is, its does not mean that individuals suffering from hepatitis C has on the immune protection capacity.
Suffering from acute hepatitis C who have around 50-70% will be entering the stage of chronic hepatitis (liver function refers to its six-month follow-up in a row still abnormal phenomenon), and chronic hepatitis C China has around 30% of cancer were about to develop into liver cirrhosis; the basis of epidemiological evidence to explore, C-type hepatitis virus formed by persons suffering from liver cirrhosis, two per cent each year will suffer from cirrhosis happened liver cancer. In patients with chronic hepatitis C who suffer from long-term follow-up found in chronic hepatitis C to liver cirrhosis stage for about thirteen years to eighteen years, and the formation of liver cancer time twenty to thirty years required; which C hepatitis liver cancer arising from almost all have 100% of their liver hardening phenomenon; relatively speaking, B-type hepatitis B surface antigen-positive hepatocellular carcinoma, and its rate of cirrhosis in about 85%. Therefore, chronic hepatitis C once the stage of cirrhosis, liver cancer risk of its derivatives will be slower and of hepatitis B carriers high.
Clinical symptoms and characterization of
In fact, C-type hepatitis C virus-infected persons most of them are not having any clinical symptoms, of which only one-quarter and blood transfusion-related hepatitis C virus infection, will appear in the clinical jaundice, general malaise, low - degree of fever and right upper abdominal distension and other symptoms typical of acute hepatitis; but in fact, the vast majority of symptoms are minor, and rarely lead to fulminant hepatitis happen; even in some cases have been found to generate concurrent cirrhosis, but no clinical symptoms of the slightest; while the majority of individuals via blood screening that they found out that he is a hepatitis C virus carriers.
Testing and diagnosis
Acute hepatitis C liver function tests GOT or GPT, usually less than 100 milliliters each of the following 1000 international units, while only 10% of the cases, the GOT or GPT would be greater than 100 milliliters per 2000 international units; and serum total bilirubin rarely exceeds 10 per 100 milliliters to 15 mg; Therefore, C-type hepatitis C virus less severe liver function abnormalities. In general, acute hepatitis C will be derived rarely fulminant hepatitis, and liver function tests of GOT and GPT is usually about twice the upper limit of normal ups and downs; but in some cases even in the GOT and GPT almost near normal then once again trigger another acute attack. So, it is not GOT, GPT normal to express hepatitis C have been healed.
In clinical practice can be detected by serum hepatitis C-specific antibodies to determine the diagnosis of hepatitis C virus infection, to explore the basis of epidemiological evidence has 65% of hepatitis C infection in the onset of symptoms within two weeks, can be detected to detect hepatitis C virus antibody; but after three months, C-type hepatitis antibody-positive rate is as high as 90 percent, while the remaining 10% of infected people will need more time, can there be hepatitis C antibody; is Say hepatitis C "window period" than that of hepatitis B for longer. In fact, the current window period for hepatitis C infection, in clinical practice can be used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for early detection of acute hepatitis C virus infection, but unfortunately the cost of this inspection and the steps are more expensive and complex. In addition, could be implemented in the clinical pathology of liver puncture biopsy, interferon treatment of choice as a reference for tracking the prognosis and treatment.
Treatment and Prognosis
As long as suffering from hepatitis C to receive supportive treatment, combined with proper rest and nutrition, conditioning, in a few weeks to several months or so, the clinical symptoms and liver function will be gradually returning to normal, while in infected persons have suffered 10 ~ 30% of cases will naturally ease and can rule out the possibility the virus in vitro, but unfortunately there are 70 ~ 90% of cancer would be entering the stage of chronic hepatitis.
In fact, chronic hepatitis C in clinical practice are the vast majority do not have any symptoms, and cancer in the course of disease after more than a decade after the normally expected level of complications ranging. And in this stage of chronic infection, chronic hepatitis C in the GOT or GPT, have shown unusually close to the upper limit of normal ups and downs. According to histopathology of and found that chronic hepatitis C genotype Ib has poor prognosis, while in fact 25 percent suffering from chronic hepatitis C, its GOT, GPT can not be restored within the normal range, and in ten years will be derived after "cirrhosis"; In addition, C-type hepatitis C virus chronic infection with hepatitis B carriers, as have a higher ratio was found suffering from hepatocellular carcinoma.
At present, interferon is the treatment of chronic hepatitis C drug of choice, and the role of interferon is mainly directed against hepatitis C virus to be directly eliminated, its standard course of treatment three times a week to receive three million units of interferon injections, and In the six months after treatment, have about half of cases around the liver function would be restored to within normal range, but unfortunately there is half of the cases after six months, the abnormal liver function again; Thus, according to the clinical treatment experience found that interferon treatment of hepatitis C long-term effectiveness of around 20 ~ 25%; a result, some scholars have suggested that chronic hepatitis C to give higher doses and longer treatment, or permit them to resume normal liver function to enhance the efficacy .
Chronic hepatitis C has not yet been associated with liver cirrhosis, infection is shorter, pre-treatment HCV-RNA concentration of low or non-1b gene subtype, may have a higher estimate of the long-term sustainability of interferon therapy efficacy. Clinically, if the use of IFN-3 ~ 4 months, serum GPT value is not reduced to normal or serum HCV-RNA did not significantly decrease or disappear, they should stop to consider the use of combined anti-viral drugs (such as ribavirin) and interferon combination treatment. In recent years, found that while the use of interferon injections and oral antiviral drugs (ribavirin) in treatment of chronic hepatitis C than the superior efficacy of interferon therapy alone; the use of interferon plus ribavirin (grams per day 1000-1200) for six months, its sustained efficacy up to 40% more than is currently the treatment of chronic hepatitis C treatment efficacy of a better way. However, in the course of treatment, interferon certainly need to know the possible side-effects, including flu-like symptoms (such as fever, myalgia, headache), general malaise, hair loss, weight loss), the number of white blood cells or platelets to reduce the , lack of concentration, depression and even immune function variation (such as produce autoimmune antibodies), it is. Suffering from hepatitis C in the specialist physician should closely monitor the use of interferon injections. Furthermore, Ribavirin daily dose of 1000-1200mg, taking six months, Ribavirin itself has a small number of side effects of anemia, cough, itching, rashes, insomnia.
In recent years, by polyethylene glycol of interferon (pegylated), its half-life of up to 40 hours for the traditional short-acting interferon times, blood concentrations of interferon than the traditional high, as long as the injection once a week. According to overseas research, a separate long-acting interferon in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C, and its effect on up to 40 ~ 45%, if the combined oral Ribavirin combined treatment of 24 weeks, the effect can reach 60 ~ 65, than the traditional short-acting interferon Ribavirin combined effects of slightly higher, especially in the difficult treatment of the disease genotype Ib and serum concentrations of high disease patients, its efficacy significantly higher than conventional interferon.
For those treatment failures, the majority are due to the phenomenon which has already existed in potential liver cirrhosis or liver cell itself contains too much iron; in the interferon therapy, the adverse reactions caused by, with B, like hepatitis. Clinically, some suffering from chronic hepatitis C who are not suitable for interferon therapy, including clinical liver cirrhosis, there are obvious signs of mental illness, accompanied by the phenomenon, and even have low white blood cell phenomenon who suffer from hepatitis C, because these cases in acceptance of interferon treatment, may lead to sudden liver failure.
In fact, has happened to cirrhosis complications of chronic hepatitis C who suffer from diseases such as hepatic encephalopathy, refractory ascites as well as the governance of esophageal variceal bleeding, treatment of its most fundamental is the "liver transplant", and chronic hepatitis C persons suffering from liver transplant patients, the more will not cause immune rejection.
So far, the prevention of the spread of C-type virus is the only person to do a good job of screening blood transfusion due to hepatitis C virus genome itself, the nucleotide sequence variation faster, in the manufacture of vaccines have not been able to break through, it has yet to develop a C-type hepatitis virus vaccine.
Hepatitis D virus
Hepatitis D virus is a diameter size of 35-37nm virus-like particles, mainly from special core antigen (called the delta antigen), as well as to external sets of hepatitis B virus surface antigen and formation of infectious virus particles, its also are RNA viruses; In addition, D-type hepatitis C virus is a defective virus, which infected host cells can not be alone, but must be with the hepatitis B virus infection in the host at the same time only be able to achieve its purpose of reproduction and growth. In addition, D-type hepatitis C virus can also be infected with hepatitis B carriers, and to become the so-called "over the same period of infection"; In addition, according to the clinical virology study, found that hepatitis D virus infection can inhibit the Hepatitis B active virus.
Human hepatitis D virus are the main infected hosts, with similar cases, the route of hepatitis B virus, can also be infected through sexual intercourse, but perinatal infection very rare. According to animal experimental studies have found hepatitis D virus in the incubation period of around 2-10 weeks, and its incubation period in humans has not yet have specific conclusion. Hepatitis D virus is mainly found in hepatitis B virus in high-prevalence areas, including Africa and Asia, South America and southern Italy; fun, according to a study found that hepatitis B carriers have a higher prostitutes hepatitis D virus infection rate (around 21.1% in or so).
Hepatitis D infection is usually sudden, and its clinical symptoms and characterization of infection with hepatitis B are similar. In clinical practice, D hepatitis B virus infection will lead to chronic hepatitis B with acute deterioration, D hepatitis can be self-limited recovery can also be carried out for chronic hepatitis D. Therefore, in hepatitis B carriers in the natural history, if the sudden deterioration of liver function and sexual, we have to consider whether it is hepatitis D virus infection. Also have to consider whether it is hepatitis D virus infection. Discussion on the basis of epidemiological, clinical have 25-50% of fulminant hepatitis B are derived from hepatitis D virus "re-infection", and hepatitis D "re-infection" is also the formation of chronic hepatitis D In clinical, it can be detected by antibody to hepatitis D screening of hepatitis D infection, and detection of its IgM globulin can also be diagnosed with acute hepatitis D (the same period of infection) exists.
Has not yet developed effective against hepatitis D virus drugs. However, in clinical practice through the hepatitis B vaccine injection, to reduce the chronic hepatitis B virus carrier rate in order to achieve deterrence of hepatitis D virus infection and infection.
Hepatitis E virus
Hepatitis E virus is an RNA virus, its morphology and clinical epidemiology of hepatitis A virus similar to, E-type hepatitis C virus itself, the diameter of around 29-32nm in between is a calicivirus Branch, Human are its main host, but also in chimpanzees and Cynmolgus macaques (Macaca 1 objects similar animals) between the transmission.
Hepatitis E virus is mainly through the faecal - oral transmission, and in some areas of the outbreak of a pandemic has been largely due to water pollution (water pollution because of heavy floods), as well as contamination of food caused by heavy infection.
E-type virus, the main endemic areas including India, Nepal, Pakistan, the Soviet Union, Algeria, Libya,SoMaria as well as mainland China, these countries have occurred in regional pandemic, infection risk was also mainly young men , while the mortality rate of pregnant women are infected at about between 10-20%.
According to Taiwan's own epidemiological study and found that some areas in the south are not in the classification of persons suffering from acute viral hepatitis, the serum to detect hepatitis E virus antibodies as high as 22%.
Clinically, the vast majority suffering from acute hepatitis E in the infection of hepatitis E virus, are able to generate relative should have the ability of immune protection of hepatitis E antibodies, and will not evolve into chronic hepatitis.
Hepatitis G virus Color
Hepatitis G virus is yellow fever virus Branch, is a recent (1995) was found in the "chemokine liver virus", the main by non-gastrointestinal tract (injection injection) channels and the spread of infection, the infection can cause persistent chronic "viremia" during nearly a decade, according to epidemiology of, G type hepatitis virus infection in intravenous drug addicts accounted for 50% of hemodialysis were 30%, suffering from hemophilia who accounted for 20 percent, while the chronic type B or C hepatitis were suffering from 15%; In spite of this, at present there is no significant evidence of hepatitis G virus will cause a higher severity of liver disease.
Since 1995, hepatitis G virus genome was found later, was informed that its lead to post-transfusion hepatitis are the main reason, but there are still clinical 5% of all chronic liver disease are unable to find the causes (and in its causes in order to rule out the possibility all hepatitis viruses, alcohol, drugs and autoimmune or congenital metabolism caused by liver disease), of which about half of those suffering in the past history of receiving blood transfusions by treatment, the incubation period of around 14-145 days in between ; in clinical through PCR (polymerase chainreaction, PCR) test after the discovery of a gene has a special body of virus-like particles, and referred to as "G-type hepatitis C virus", which can be infected in the gorilla or monkey and human.
According to the study of virology, G-type hepatitis virus yellow fever virus also belongs to genera and species, their genetic structure in the 25% sort of similar to hepatitis C virus and other yellow fever virus belongs to the virus section.
As a result of hepatitis G are the newly discovered "super-hepatitis virus", so its exact clinical significance is not very clear, although it can be infected chimpanzees, but infected individuals in clinical practice has not happened on the phenomenon of abnormal liver function, as well as other liver biopsy abnormal pathological changes in organizations. The basis of epidemiological evidence to explore the public areas in the United States are in the blood of hepatitis G infection rates in between 1-2%, and its population in the whole group in a higher infection rate of hepatitis C and its high-risk group with hepatitis C are similar, including recurrent blood transfusion, intravenous drug addicts and persons suffering from hemophilia.
Suffering from hepatitis G presented the clinical symptoms are relatively minor, perhaps only mildly abnormal liver function, but according to the report of the Japanese literature, G hepatitis infection will lead to fulminant hepatitis happen, and in Japan hemodialysis treatment, its G the incidence of hepatitis is as high as 3.1%, of which there are many who have suffered a considerable degree of liver function abnormalities, according to long-term clinical follow-up and found that hepatitis G may be the persistence of in individuals around 10-16 years.
A new viral hepatitis: TTH (Post-transfusion hepatitis)
December 1997 Japanese scholars began to reports, in an unexplained post-transfusion hepatitis patient serum, detected a new DNA virus, and according to TT at the beginning of the names of patients, and is known as "TTV", happens to with "transfusion-transmitted virus" that is, post-transfusion hepatitis (TTH) abbreviation consistent, thus the extension of the disease were used to described with transfusion-associated hepatitis diseases.
Currently in clinical TTV are known like "parvovirus" of an alternative virus, its single strand of DNA viruses, no jacket envelope, and TTV infection in the main detection method is the application of PCR (polymerase chain reaction) technology.
TTV in various types of liver disease and to receive a blood transfusion and blood products in high-risk population groups in both a higher detection rate. Clinically, in some unexplained acute non-A to non-G hepatitis suffering from the faeces, but also the detection of TTV-DNA genome. This is also stated that TTV is a part of the non-A to non-G hepatitis were suffering from disease, one of which factor.
In clinical practice, non-A to non-G hepatitis were indeed also suffering from the existence of the possibility of TTV infection. TTV-DNA exists in the liver cell membrane or cytoplasm. In periods of acute hepatitis, TTV with diffuse distribution in; and during chronic hepatitis, TTV-DNA was mainly distributed in the inter-sinks near pipe. Therefore, TTV is actually a "chemokine liver virus," and can lead to changes in clinical pathology in fulminant hepatitis is also a higher incidence may be known at the end of acute and chronic virus-induced fulminant hepatitis and the etiology of 1. Therefore, TTV is a DNA virus, with unexplained liver cirrhosis and fulminant hepatic failure in acute deterioration. In patients with chronic hepatitis C and chronic hepatitis B patients with a higher rate of incidence.
The Taiwan region are the high prevalence of hepatitis-B District, TTV virus in the population group in the detection rate is also relatively high, therefore, an urgent need of TTV virus present a more in-depth research, such as histological studies, looking epidemic research and set up TIV virus infection model animals in order to do a good job in prevention and health way.
Under normal blood donors in the TTH more common carriers, and intravenous drug addicts more TTH virus infection are high-risk group. Part of the non-A to non-G hepatitis may be related to TTH. According to epidemiological investigation confirmed that in non-A to non-G hepatitis were suffering from, which found that chronic infection TIV has accounted for 43%. Abnormal liver function without AG hepatitis virus infection in blood donors, the TTV-DNA positive rate was as high as 35%, significantly higher than normal liver function of liver donors, which also shows that there is no lack of deposit in blood donors TTH has HIV infection. TTH hepatitis can also be healthy carriers of the state manifested apart from blood transfusion TTH are likely to spread the virus outside of the main avenues, TTH virus can also be via the fecal - oral transmission.
In addition, hemodialysis there were a higher percentage of TTH virus infection, and from epidemiological studies also found that type B and hepatitis C infection often duplicate TTH viruses, which led to B-and C-derived hepatitis complicated with acute deterioration disease.
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